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Acceptable Limits (acceptable + limit)
Selected AbstractsEddy-current induction in extended metallic parts as a source of considerable torsional momentJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 4 2006Hansjörg Graf PhD Abstract Purpose To examine eddy-current-provoked torque on conductive parts due to current induction from movement through the fringe field of the MR scanner and from gradient switching. Materials and Methods For both cases, torque was calculated for frames of copper, aluminum, and titanium, inclined to 45° to B0 (maximum torque case). Conditions were analyzed in which torque from gravity (legal limit, ASTM F2213-02) was exceeded. Experiments were carried out on a 1.5 T and a 3 T scanner for copper and titanium frames and plates (,50 × 50 mm2). Movement-induced torque was measured at patient table velocity (20 cm/second). Alternating torque from gradient switching was investigated by holding the specimens in different locations in the scanner while executing sequences that exploited the gradient capabilities (40 mT/m). Results The calculations predicted that movement-induced torque could exceed torque from gravity (depending on the part size, electric resistance, and velocity). Two experiments on moving conductive frames in the fringe fields of the scanners confirmed the calculations. For maximum torque case parameters, gradient-switching-induced torque was calculated to be nearly 100 times greater than the movement-induced torque. Well-conducting metal parts located off center vibrated significantly due to impulse-like fast alternating torque characteristics. Conclusion Torque on metal parts from movement in the fringe field is weak under standard conditions, but for larger parts the acceptable limit can be reached with a high static field and increased velocity. Vibrations due to gradient switching were confirmed and may explain the sensations occasionally reported by patients with implants. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] EVALUATING CONTEMPORANEITY AND POST-MORTEM AGE OF MALACOLOGICAL REMAINS USING SCLEROCHRONOLOGY AND DENDROCHRONOLOGY*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 5 2009S. HELAMA Sclerochronology and dendrochronology are based on series of incremental skeletal and cambial growths that have been correctly aligned in time via cross-dating (i.e., incremental dating through synchronization of the growth variability on a visual and statistical basis). Here we report a study of the shell increments of two anthropogenic death assemblages of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) originating from Finnish Lapland. First, we cross-dated a new sclerochronology from an assemblage of river pearl mussel shells with unknown post-mortem age. Second, this chronology was cross-dated with the previously published sclerochronology of the same species and geographical source. Third, the composite of the two sclerochronologies was compared to dendrochronologies from Lapland. Temporal association of the two types of chronologies was markedly high, as confirmed by t -values of 7.1 and 8.9, which are well above the acceptable limit of 3.5. Our study demonstrates the potential of sclerochronological and dendrochronological materials and techniques in assessing the contemporaneity (i.e., temporal overlap) and post-mortem age of archaeomalacological deposits. In the palaeontological context, these results also show the wider possibility of dating shells with a large number of annual increments from natural deposits. [source] Seismic collapse risk of precast industrial buildings with strong connectionsEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 8 2010Miha Kramar Abstract A systematic seismic risk study has been performed on some typical precast industrial buildings that consists of assemblages of cantilever columns with high shear-span ratios connected to an essentially rigid roof system with strong pinned connections. These buildings were designed according to the requirements of Eurocode 8. The numerical models and procedures were modified in order to address the particular characteristics of the analyzed system. They were also verified by pseudo-dynamic and cyclic tests of full-scale large buildings. The intensity measure (IM)-based solution strategy described in the PEER methodology was used to estimate the seismic collapse risk in terms of peak ground acceleration capacity and the probability of exceeding the global collapse limit state. The effect of the uncertainty in the model parameters on the dispersion of collapse capacity was investigated in depth. Reasonable seismic safety (as proposed by the Joint Committee on Structural Safety) was demonstrated for all the regular single-storey precast industrial buildings addressed in this study. However, if the flexural strength required by EC8 was exactly matched, and the additional strength, which results from minimum longitudinal reinforcement, was disregarded as well as large dispersion in records was considered, the seismic risk might in some cases exceed the acceptable limits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Does amplitude scaling of ground motion records result in biased nonlinear structural drift responses?EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 13 2007Nicolas Luco Abstract Limitations of the existing earthquake ground motion database lead to scaling of records to obtain seismograms consistent with a ground motion target for structural design and evaluation. In the engineering seismology community, acceptable limits for ,legitimate' scaling vary from one (no scaling allowed) to 10 or more. The concerns expressed by detractors of scaling are mostly based on the knowledge of, for example, differences in ground motion characteristics for different earthquake magnitude,distance (Mw,Rclose) scenarios, and much less on their effects on structures. At the other end of the spectrum, proponents have demonstrated that scaling is not only legitimate but also useful for assessing structural response statistics for Mw,Rclose scenarios. Their studies, however, have not investigated more recent purposes of scaling and have not always drawn conclusions for a wide spectrum of structural vibration periods and strengths. This article investigates whether scaling of records randomly selected from an Mw,Rclose bin (or range) to a target fundamental-mode spectral acceleration (Sa) level introduces bias in the expected nonlinear structural drift response of both single-degree-of-freedom oscillators and one multi-degree-of-freedom building. The bias is quantified relative to unscaled records from the target Mw,Rclose bin that are ,naturally' at the target Sa level. We consider scaling of records from the target Mw,Rclose bin and from other Mw,Rclose bins. The results demonstrate that scaling can indeed introduce a bias that, for the most part, can be explained by differences between the elastic response spectra of the scaled versus unscaled records. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Below-ground hydraulic conductance is a function of environmental conditions and tree size in Scots pineFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2007J. MARTĶNEZ-VILALTA Summary 1Variations in water tension in a transpiring tree cause elastic changes in stem diameter. To better understand the dynamics of these variations, stem diameter changes and sap flow rates were monitored simultaneously in trees from two Scots pine chronosequences in Scotland. 2Tree below-ground hydraulic conductance (kbg) was estimated from the relationship between leaf-specific sap flow rates and the difference between stem and soil water potentials estimated from diameter variations in the stem. 3In a given tree, kbg varied both within and among days, with conductance increasing as a function of sap flow and evaporative demand. These patterns could be explained in terms of a composite model of root water transport and possible changes in the gating of aquaporins. 4We interpreted these trends of increasing kbg with evaporative demand as a mechanism to enhance the ability of trees to control leaf water potential and keep it within physiologically acceptable limits, with potential implications for our general understanding of plant water relations, and for the estimation and modelling of ecosystem water fluxes. 5Across trees, kbg declined with increasing tree age/size, but the proportional contribution of below-ground to whole-tree hydraulic resistance also declined. This is consistent with an increase in below-ground carbon allocation in old/tall trees and a partial acclimation of tall trees to hydraulic limitations. It is argued that these trends have to be considered when discussing the importance of tree height for water transport and growth. [source] H2xMnxSn3-xS6 (x,=,0.11,0.25): A Novel Reusable Sorbent for Highly Specific Mercury Capture Under Extreme pH ConditionsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Manolis J. Manos Abstract The H2xMnxSn3-xS6 (x,=,0.11,0.25) is a new solid acid with a layered hydrogen metal sulfide (LHMS). It derives from K2xMnxSn3,xS6 (x,=,0.5,0.95) (KMS-1) upon treating it with highly acidic solutions. We demonstrate that LHMS-1 has enormous affinity for the very soft metal ions such as Hg2+ and Ag+ which occurs via a rapid ion exchange process. The tremendous affinity of LHMS-1 for Hg2+ is reflected in very high distribution coefficient KdHg values (>106,mL g,1). The large affinity and selectivity of LHMS-1 for Hg2+ persists in a very wide pH range (from less than zero to nine) and even in the presence of highly concentrated HCl and HNO3 acids. LHMS-1 is significantly more selective for Hg2+ and Ag+ than for the less soft cations Pb2+ and Cd2+. The Hg2+ ions are immobilized in octahedral sites between the sulfide layers of the materials via Hg,S bonds as suggested by pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. LHMS-1 could decrease trace concentrations of Hg2+ (e.g. <100,ppb) to well below the acceptable limits for the drinking water in less than two min. Hg-laden LHMS-1 shows a remarkable hydrothermal stability and resistance in 6,M HCl solutions. LHMS-1 could be regenerated by treating Hg-loaded samples with 12,M HCl and re-used without loss of its initial exchange capacity. [source] Deficit Targeting Strategies: Fiscal Consolidation and the Probability Distribution of Deficits under the Stability PactJCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 3 2003A.J. Hughes Hallett Using stochastic simulations, this article analyses the probability distribution of a country's deficit ratio under fixed exchange rates and a variety of monetary and fiscal policy rules. The purpose is to show how the probability of an ,excessive deficit', defined by Europe's Stability Pact as a deficit to GDP ratio above 3 per cent, varies with different deficit targets and policy rules. Using a macro model, we find that when subject to historically consistent shocks, these fiscal ratios typically have a wide distribution, with fat tails and significantly longer tails on the upper side. That means fiscal targets may have to be country-specific and conservative, and that fiscal policy has to be forward-looking to keep the probability of excessive deficits below acceptable limits. [source] The psychometric properties of the Miller Behavioural Style Scale with adult daughters of women with early breast cancer: a literature review and empirical studyJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 2 2000Charlotte E. Rees BSc PhD The psychometric properties of the Miller Behavioural Style Scale with adult daughters of women with early breast cancer: a literature review and empirical study Several researchers have suggested that the information-seeking behaviours of patients need to be taken into consideration when assessing their information needs. This study reviews published evidence of the psychometric properties of the Miller Behavioural Style Scale, a tool commonly used to identify the information-seeking behaviours of individuals under threat, and examines its reliability and validity with adult daughters of women with early breast cancer. Ninety-seven adult daughters completed the MBSS and a 30-item, self-administered questionnaire, a tool designed to explore the information needs of adult daughters of women with breast cancer. The internal consistency of the monitoring and blunting sub-scales of the MBSS was ,=0·65 and 0·41 respectively. The blunting sub-scale fell substantially below acceptable limits and was discarded from subsequent analyses. The monitoring sub-scale possessed good test,retest reliability (n=17) with a 5-week time interval (r=0·71, P < 0·005), as measured using a Pearson's correlation coefficient. Furthermore, the majority (73·4%) of monitoring items possessed moderate or substantial test,retest reliability, as indicated by kappa coefficients. Finally, the monitoring sub-scale possessed good construct validity, both discriminant and convergent validity, as measured by the univariate associations between monitoring behaviour and selected items from the information questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire. In conclusion, adequate support exists for the psychometric properties of the monitoring sub-scale of the MBSS and its use with adult daughters of women with early breast cancer in future research. These findings have a number of implications for nursing research and these are discussed in this paper. [source] Particulate contamination of lyophilized amphotericin B preparation during reconstitution processJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2001T. Sendo Objective:,To investigate the effect of the reconstitution methods for the commercial amphotericin B preparation with respect to particulate contamination. Methods:,The particle counts in amphotericin B solutions reconstituted according to three different methods and amphotericin B fluids made with intravenous fluids after reconstitution were performed using a light extinction method. The particle contaminants were identified with X-ray emission spectrometry attached to a scanning electron microscope. Results:,Amphotericin B in a vial induced particle contamination during the reconstitution process, and the contamination was especially marked by shaking vigorously after injecting water into the vial. From the X-ray analysis, it appeared that the increased number of particles was derived from the amphotericin B,deoxycholate complex containing substances such as silicone released from the vial components. Amphotericin B fluid made with intravenous fluids after reconstitution also contained particles over the acceptable limits according to the Japanese or US pharmacopoeia. Conclusion:,These findings suggest that reconstituted solutions should be filtered with membrane filters and diluted fluids with in-line filters. [source] Evaluation of Propofol-Ketamine Anesthesia for Children Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization ProceduresJOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007F.F.A. (DUBLIN), F.R.C.A. (LOND), Parthasarathi GAYATRI M.D. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the continuous intravenous administration of a combination of propofol and ketamine for children undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures (CCP). Thirty-two children scheduled for CCP in a university teaching hospital were included in this prospective randomized study. Patients in group 1 (n = 15) were given a combination of propofol (25 ,g/kg per minute) and ketamine (25 ,g/kg per minute), whereas patients in group 2 (n = 17) received a combination of propofol (25 ,g/kg per minute) and ketamine (12.5 ,g/kg per minute) for the maintenance of anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences with age, weight, duration of the procedure, and the number of diagnostic and interventional procedures between the two groups. There was no hemodynamic instability, airway compromise, excessive salivation, or arterial desaturation in either of the two groups. There was more incidence of movements in patients who received less dose of ketamine; however, it did not reach to statistically significant level. The total dose of ketamine used in group 1 was 309.25 ± 90.97 ,g/min, whereas in group 2, it was 148.06 ± 34.05 ,g/min. The time to awakening was significantly less in group 2 (P < 0.05). We conclude that a combination of propofol (25 ,g/kg per minute) and two different doses of ketamine (25 and 12.5 ,g/kg per minute, respectively) are safe and efficacious for CCP in children. Although the time to awaken was more in patients receiving 25 ,g/kg per minute of ketamine compared to those receiving 12.5 ,g/kg per minute of ketamine, it was well within acceptable limits. [source] Simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of lacidipine in human plasmaJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 7 2004N. V. S. Ramakrishna Abstract A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the quantification of lacidipine in human plasma using its structural analogue, amlodipine, as internal standard (IS). The method involves a simple single-step liquid,liquid extraction with tert -butyl methyl ether. The analyte was chromatographed on an Xterra MS C18 reversed-phase chromatographic column by isocratic elution with 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer,acetonitrile (10 : 90, v/v; pH 6) and analyzed by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 456.4 , 354.4 and m/z 409.3 , 238.3 were used to measure the analyte and the I.S., respectively. The chromatographic run time was 1.5 min and the weighted (1/x2) calibration curves were linear over the range 0.1,25 ng ml,1. Lacidipine was sensitive to temperature in addition to light. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, absolute recovery, freeze,thaw stability, bench-top stability and re-injection reproducibility. The limit of detection and lower limit of quantification in human plasma were 50 and 100 pg ml,1, respectively. The within- and between-batch accuracy and precision were found to be well within acceptable limits (<15%). The analyte was stable after three freeze,thaw cycles (deviation <15%). The average absolute recoveries of lacidipine and amlodipine (IS) from spiked plasma samples were 51.1 ± 1.3 and 50.3 ± 4.9%, respectively. The assay method described here could be applied to study the pharmacokinetics of lacidipine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On the design of ultrafast shutters for time-resolved synchrotron experimentsJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 1 2007Milan Gembicky A comprehensive treatment of the limitations and possibilities for single-pulse selection in synchrotron operating modes with ,150,ns bunch separation, as occurs in the standard operating mode at the Advanced Photon Source, is presented. It is shown that the strength of available materials and allowable kinetic energy build-up limit single-bunch selection for this separation to sample sizes of ,100,µm, and that for minimization of kinetic energy build-up it is preferable to increase the r.p.m. within physically acceptable limits rather than increase the disc radius to obtain a desirable peripheral speed. A slight modification of the equal-bunch spacing standard fill patterns is proposed that allows use of samples as large as 500,µm. The corresponding peripheral speed of the chopper wheel is ,600,m,s,1, which is within the limits of high-strength titanium alloys. For smaller samples, peripheral speeds are proportionally lower. Versatility can be achieved with interchangeable chopper wheels and the use of different orientations of the rotation axis relative to the X-ray beam, which opens the possibility of larger, rather than one-of-a-kind, production runs. [source] Heavy metal pollution in a sewage-fed lake of Bhopal, (M. P.) IndiaLAKES & RESERVOIRS: RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2003Pradeep Shrivastava Abstract Shahpura Lake receives untreated domestic sewage from residential areas in Bhopal city. Analysis of water, plankton, fish and sediment reveals that the lake is contaminated by certain heavy metals. The concentrations of some of these metals including iron and manganese were within acceptable limits, whereas others including chromium, nickel, zinc and lead were not within acceptable water quality limits. Metal concentrations in the sewage inlet drain and lake sediment were compared with published criteria. The comparison revealed that the metals in the sediment ranged from the ,non-polluted' to the ,heavy pollution' categories. The reference dose was calculated by the adoption of the United States Environmental Protection Agency reference dose factor, and the result reveals that the local population is not exposed to undue health risks. Concentrations of heavy metals in the water increased during the second year of the study, indicating an increase in the pollution load on the system. This might increase the bioaccumulation levels in fish and increase the actual dose of metals to which the local population will be exposed. [source] Parliamentary sovereignty and the new constitutional order: legislative freedom, political reality and conventionLEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2002Mark Elliott Although the constitutional reform programme undertaken by the Blair administration is formally consistent with the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, it is clear that the human rights and devolution legislation, in particular, significantly alter the political and constitutional environment within which Parliament's legislative powers are exercised. This paper considers whether it is meaningfiul, within this new constitutional setting, to adhere to the traditional notion of sovereignty. It is argued that the disparity between a Parliament whose powers are formally unlimited yet increasingly constrained, in political terms, by norms based on fundamental rights and devolved governance may be accommodated, in the short term, by means of constitutional conventions which trace the constitutionally acceptable limits of legislative action by Parliament. However, following examination of the nature of convention and its relationship with law and constitutional principle, it is argued that the possibility arises, in the long term, that conventional limits upon legislative freedom may ultimately evolve into legal limiis, thus ensuring that the fundamental values embraced by the legal order are acknowledged not merely in pragmatic or conventional terms, but as a matter of constitutional law. [source] A Quantum-Mechanical QSAR Model to Predict the Refractive Index of Polymer MatricesMOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 10 2006Andrew Abstract Refractive index (RI) is an important optical property for polymer matrices, especially when the color or tint of the cured material is of interest. This is certainly the case for dental restorative applications. In this work, results are presented for a quantitative,structure activity relationship derived from relevant semiempirical quantum mechanical information. This model predicts the RI for a wide variety of polymer matrices using representative structures of polymers, including resin components of several currently used dental restorative materials. The AM1 semiempirical method was used for calculations due to its speed and general reliability. Several structural subunits of the polymer chains were used for the QSAR analysis, but dimer moieties produced the best results for some 60 polymers. The final QSAR model was composed of a multilinear equation that featured the highest occupied molecular orbital , the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap and a polarizability index as the two descriptors best able to account for the variation in the data. The final model had R2=0.963, R2cv=0.959, F=740, and s2=0.0002. Other quality indicators for the correlation and the individual descriptors were within acceptable limits. The presence of electronically related descriptors is encouraging, as these are conceptually tied to the phenomenon of RI. The difference between a theoretically predicted value for poly(propylene oxide) and its monomer was 0.04, as compared to 0.09 from experimental data. [source] Mining and sustainable development: considerations for minerals supplyNATURAL RESOURCES FORUM, Issue 4 2001Ian B. Lambert Abstract Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of human societies while maintaining viable biological and physical Earth systems. The needs include minerals: metals, fuels, industrial and construction materials. There will continue to be considerable demand for virgin mineral resources, even if levels of recycling and efficiency of use are optimal, and rates of population growth and globalisation decrease significantly. This article aims to stimulate debate on strategic issues for minerals supply. While the world has considerable stocks of mineral resources overall, international considerations of the environmental and social aspects of sustainable development are beginning to result in limitations on where mining will be conducted and what types of deposits will be mined. Current and emerging trends favour large mines in parts of the world where mining can be conducted within acceptable limits of environmental and social impact. Finding new deposits that meet such criteria will be all the more challenging given a disturbing global decline in the rate of discovery of major economic resources over the last decade, and the decreasing land area available for exploration and mining. To attract responsible exploration and mining, governments of mining nations will need to provide: regional-scale geo-scientific datasets as required to attract and guide future generations of exploration; resource access through multiple and sequential land use regimes, and frameworks for dealing with indigenous peoples' issues; and arrangements for consideration of mining proposals and regulation of mines that ensure responsible management of environmental and social issues. The minerals industry will need to continue to pursue advances in technologies for exploration, mining, processing, waste management and rehabilitation, and in public reporting of environmental and social performance. [source] Trends in elective terminations of pregnancy between 1989 and 2000 in a French county (the Isčre)PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 11 2003P. Guillem Abstract Objectives This study was performed in order to provide a description of indications for induced elective terminations of pregnancy (ETOP), their characteristics (e.g. gestational age), and their evolution over time. Design of the Study This is an epidemiological study. The geographic area covered is the French county of ,Isčre', which represents a mean of 14 000 births per year over the study period. Materials and Methods Data on ETOPs were collected actively from medical records by a register of childhood deficiencies and adverse perinatal events in this county. Between 1989 and 2000, 996 ETOPs were notified. Results Four main grounds for ETOPs were identified: (1) morphological anomalies with normal karyotype (39%), (2) chromosomal anomalies (35%), (3) other fetal grounds (16%), and (4) maternal indications (10%). Prevalence rates for the first two grounds increased significantly over the study period respectively from 2.0 to 2.9 and from 1.4 to 2.7 per 1000. Among the ETOPs carried out because of fetal indications, the percentage of late ETOPs (from 24 weeks of gestation) was 34.6%, and remained stable over the studied period. In some cases, a medical consensus was not reached with respect to indications for termination (sex chromosome anomalies, limb defects). We estimated the percentage of these cases as being 2.7% of the figure for fetal indications, without any variation in prevalence over the whole period (p = 0.59). The increasing number of ETOPs that occurred in the chromosomal aberrations group during the study period is thought to be due to an increase in diagnostic sensitivity. The increase that occurred in the morphological anomalies group is thought to be due both to an increase in sensitivity and to a widening of the field with respect to indications, some of which have an uncertain prognosis (e.g. agenesis of the corpus callosum). Conclusion This study provides useful data for monitoring medical practice consistency within the field of prenatal diagnosis, and for the drive to keep medical practice within ethically acceptable limits. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Point of care measurement of plasma creatinine in critically ill patients with acute kidney injuryANAESTHESIA, Issue 4 2009A. Udy Summary We report the utility of an enzymatic point of care system for estimation of plasma creatinine concentration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Multiple measurements were obtained from a heterogenous population admitted to a multi-disciplinary intensive care unit. The acute kidney injury network guidelines were used to identify and stratify patients based on the creatinine concentration. Central laboratory values were used as comparators to assess the precision and bias of the system. Overall, point of care measurements correlated well with central pathology results (R2 = 0.991, p < 0.001), although there tended to be a small negative bias in patients with acute kidney injury (3 ,mol.l,1). The accuracy of point of care measurement is within clinically acceptable limits and given the much shorter turn around time can be used to identify and monitor patients with acute kidney injury in the critical care environment. [source] A bioeconomy vision of sustainability,BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 4 2010Yusuf Chisti Advisory Board MemberArticle first published online: 26 JUL 2010 Consumption in a bioeconomy will have to be managed within acceptable limits. 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