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Children's Perceptions (children + perception)
Selected AbstractsAuditory Brainstem Implantation in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 2,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 12 2004Seth J. Kanowitz MD Abstract Objectives: Multichannel auditory brainstem implants (ABI) are currently indicated for patients with neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) and schwannomas involving the internal auditory canal (IAC) or cerebellopontine angle (CPA), regardless of hearing loss (HL). The implant is usually placed in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle at the time of tumor resection to stimulate the cochlear nucleus. This study aims to review the surgical and audiologic outcomes in 18 patients implanted by our Skull Base Surgery Team from 1994 through 2003. Study Design: A retrospective chart review of 18 patients with ABIs. Methods: We evaluated demographic data including age at implantation, number of tumor resections before implantation, tumor size, surgical approach, and postoperative surgical complications. The ABI auditory results at 1 year were then evaluated for number of functioning electrodes and channels, hours per day of use, nonauditory side effect profile and hearing results. Audiologic data including Monosyllable, Spondee, Trochee test (MTS) Word and Stress scores, Northwestern University Children's Perception of Speech (NU-CHIPS), and auditory sensitivity are reported. Results: No surgical complications caused by ABI implantation were revealed. A probe for lateral recess and cochlear nucleus localization was helpful in several patients. A range of auditory performance is reported, and two patients had no auditory perceptions. Electrode paddle migration occurred in two patients. Patient education and encouragement is very important to obtain maximum benefit. Conclusions: ABIs are safe, do not increase surgical morbidity, and allow most patients to experience improved communication as well as access to environmental sounds. Nonauditory side effects can be minimized by selecting proper stimulation patterns. The ABI continues to be an emerging field for hearing rehabilitation in patients who are deafened by NF2. [source] Children's Perceptions of TV and Health Behavior EffectsJOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 3 2002Christine M. Kennedy Purpose: To understand and document children's stated experiences and beliefs about television and to elicit their suggestions for alternative activities. Design and Methods: Eleven focus groups were conducted with 51 Anglo and Latino children, ages 7,10, in a large Northern California city. Philosophical underpinnings of developmental psychology were the basis for multiphase thematic analysis. Data were collected in 1998,1999. Results: Themes were identified in five conceptual categories. Findings showed that children did not perceive many parental rules related to TV watching, rather daily routines are associated with TV viewing. Children revealed both covert and overt motivations for watching. Nearly all participants spoke of the deception of advertising, but they were unclear about the role of commercial sponsors in payment for TV shows. Children perceived both negative physical and behavioral health effects of TV and they had great difficulty imagining life without a TV. Conclusions: Children perceived television as providing educational and relational needs. Although they preferred alternatives to TV, they had difficulty articulating and getting those needs met. Clinicians and researchers can utilize these findings to design health interventions that attenuate the health-impairing effects of habitual sedentary activity in childhood. [source] Hurricane Katrina: African American Children's Perceptions of Race, Class, and Government Involvement Amid a National CrisisANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES & PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2007Christia Spears Brown The devastation associated with Hurricane Katrina raised several issues related to race, class, and the government in the United States. We examined African American children's (a) knowledge of demographic characteristics of the victims, (b) beliefs about the role of race and class biases in the delayed relief efforts, and (c) views of the role and effectiveness of the government in response to the disaster. Overall, results indicated that older African American children were less likely to attribute the delayed relief to individual culpability, and slightly more likely to attribute it to racial discrimination, than were younger African American children. All youth believed in a strong, but nuanced, role of the government, but younger children were more likely to rate it as effective. Among those children who had discussed the disaster with a parent, children's attributions for the delayed relief were associated with their political views. [source] Some Australian Children's Perceptions of Physical Punishment in ChildhoodCHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 6 2008Bernadette J. Saunders Despite ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children remain the only people in Australia against whom violence may be justified as discipline. This article presents findings from qualitative research conducted in the State of Victoria, in which children were invited to contextualise incidents of physical punishment by describing the experience from different standpoints and reflecting on the feelings and motivations of victims and perpetrators. The research provides new insights into children's experiences of childhood ,discipline', as children reveal the physical and emotional impact of being hit by a parent, the futility of ,physical punishment', parents' confusing reactions and children's awareness of double standards. Children suggest more positive ways to communicate and to resolve conflict, and provide insightful comments that have the potential to enlighten adults' thinking about the issue. [source] Children's Perceptions of Families: What Do They Really Think?CHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 1 2007Andrea Rigg The perceptions of 111 New Zealand children from different family structures and cultures were examined. Lone-parent families, blended families, extended family, non-residential parents and couples with children were highly endorsed. No great distinctions were made between married and cohabiting couples when the relationship included children. Definitions of family frequently mentioned affective factors. In comparing ethnic groups and family structures some differences were noted, but in general children have many similarities in their family concepts. Comparisons with a recent study of adolescents did not reveal clear-cut developmental sequences in young people's perceptions. Overall, an inclusive and realistic view of families was expressed. © 2006 The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2006 National Children's Bureau. [source] Boys' and girls' perceptions of parental discipline in transgression situationsINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2003Emma Sorbring Abstract Children's perceptions of parental discipline methods and their perceptions of child gender differences in their parents' choices of discipline methods were assessed. One hundred and seventy 8-year-old children (78 boys, 92 girls) in two-parent families were asked about disciplinary behaviour in five transgression situations. The results pointed to gender differences when the children were talking about themselves. Boys believed that they would receive more physical punishment, milder requests and less induction than girls. Children also indicated that their parents would choose a different response if they (themselves) were of the other sex. Both boys and girls reported that their parents would treat boys more severely than they would girls. The results showed that the responses of those children with a sibling of the other sex did not reveal any gender-differentiated experience of their parents' discipline strategies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Children's perceptions of who controls their foodJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2000S. Robinson Background The purpose of this study was to explore children's perceptions of who controlled the quality and quantity of their food during the week. Methods Semi structured interviews were carried out with 98 9-year-old children. The children were asked to describe who chose what they ate during a typical week day. They were also asked about who decided how much they ate. Results The children thought that adults had a high degree of control over their food. They frequently reported that either they were allowed to choose from a selection provided by an adult, or that an adult chose their food without consultation. Many children reported that adults were very influential in determining how much food they ate. Conclusions Although the children thought that adults imposed control upon their food choices, it is argued that children have more choice about their food than at any time in history. The children's perceptions highlight the need for planned dietary change to acknowledge the various influences which can affect choices of children's food. [source] Hemispheric asymmetries in children's perception of nonlinguistic human affective soundsDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2004Seth D. Pollak In the present work, we developed a database of nonlinguistic sounds that mirror prosodic characteristics typical of language and thus carry affective information, but do not convey linguistic information. In a dichotic-listening task, we used these novel stimuli as a means of disambiguating the relative contributions of linguistic and affective processing across the hemispheres. This method was applied to both children and adults with the goal of investigating the role of developing cognitive resource capacity on affective processing. Results suggest that children's limited computational resources influence how they process affective information and rule out attentional biases as a factor in children's perceptual asymmetries for nonlinguistic affective sounds. These data further suggest that investigation of perception of nonlinguistic affective sounds is a valuable tool in assessing interhemispheric asymmetries in affective processing, especially in parceling out linguistic contributions to hemispheric differences. [source] Oral health-related quality of life in children: Part I. How well do children know themselves?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 2 2008A systematic review Abstract:, Objective:, Paediatric oral disorders are likely to have a negative effect on the quality of life. Until recently, children's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was measured using parents as informants. Instruments have now been developed, which have demonstrated that with appropriate questionnaire techniques, valid and reliable information can be obtained from children. The aim of this study was to make a systematic review of the existing literature about child perceptions of OHRQoL and their validation. Methods:, A computerized search was conducted using Medline, ISI, Lilacs and Scielo for children's perception of OHRQoL. The inclusion criteria were: the articles should contain well-validated instruments and provide child perceptions of OHRQoL. Results:, From 89 records found, 13 fulfilled the criteria. All studies included in the critical appraisal of the project suggested good construct validity of overall child perceptions of OHRQoL. However, children's understanding of oral health and well-being are also affected by variables (age, age-related experiences, gender, race, education, culture, experiences related to oral conditions, opportunities for treatment, childhood period of changes, back-translating questionnaire, children self-perceived treatment need). Conclusions:, The structure of children's self-concept and health cognition is age-dependent as a result of their continuous cognitive, emotional, social and language development. By using appropriate questionnaire techniques, valid and reliable information can be obtained from children concerning their OHRQoL. [source] Words with Pictures: The Role of Visual Literacy in Writing and its Implication for SchoolingLITERACY, Issue 2 2001Elaine Millard This paper reports on two studies undertaken independently by the authors, both of which provide indicative evidence that the system of target setting in writing is exerting an influence on children's perception of what is involved in authoring meaningful texts. In particular, the current emphasis on technical accuracy and neatness in handwriting has worked to limit the role of drawing in children's construction of text. The authors suggest that this tendency has adverse consequences for the development of pupil confidence as the authors of their own meanings, particularly marked in boys. They argue that teachers and educators need to be more understanding of differences in the modes in which pupils choose to make sense of their social and cultural contexts. [source] Blame and family conflict: symptomatic children as scapegoatsCHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK, Issue 2 2002Rivka Yahav ABSTRACT The study's aim was to examine the relation between children's symptom type, specifically externalized vs. internalized symptoms, and children's perception of being blamed by family members for various family conflicts. The research hypothesis was based on theories of family therapy, in particular on the concept of scapegoating and projective identification processes. The subjects were chosen from treatment centres for children and adolescents, using the Achenbach Self-Report Questionnaire. Subjects included males and females, aged 10,17, who had either internalized or externalized symptoms and no history of organic or psychotic disorders. The control group consisted of non-symptomatic children. The research groups also included each child's sibling closest in chronological age, who served as an additional control group. A total of 161 children participated in the study. It was found that externalizing children reported greater subjection to parental blame than did the other children. [source] Experiential Influences on Multimodal Perception of EmotionCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2005Jessica E. Shackman The impact of 2 types of learning experiences on children's perception of multimodal emotion cues was examined. Children (aged 7,12 years) were presented with conflicting facial and vocal emotions. The effects of familiarity were tested by varying whether emotions were presented by familiar or unfamiliar adults. The salience of particular emotional expressions was tested by contrasting the performance of physically abused and nonabused children. Children exhibited a preference for auditory expressions produced by their mothers but not by strangers. Additionally, abused children were biased to rely on auditory cues when their own abusive mother was expressing anger. These results are discussed in terms of the impact of both typical and atypical early experiences on the development of emotion perception. [source] Children's perceptions of who controls their foodJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2000S. Robinson Background The purpose of this study was to explore children's perceptions of who controlled the quality and quantity of their food during the week. Methods Semi structured interviews were carried out with 98 9-year-old children. The children were asked to describe who chose what they ate during a typical week day. They were also asked about who decided how much they ate. Results The children thought that adults had a high degree of control over their food. They frequently reported that either they were allowed to choose from a selection provided by an adult, or that an adult chose their food without consultation. Many children reported that adults were very influential in determining how much food they ate. Conclusions Although the children thought that adults imposed control upon their food choices, it is argued that children have more choice about their food than at any time in history. The children's perceptions highlight the need for planned dietary change to acknowledge the various influences which can affect choices of children's food. [source] What do young school-age children know about occupational therapy?OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2001An evaluation study Abstract Occupational therapy is a poorly understood profession. In response to this fact, the American Occupational Therapy Association has launched a national campaign to increase awareness of occupational therapy among adults. Little is known, however, about children's perceptions of occupational therapy. The current evaluation study reports on the assessment of children's perceptions of occupational therapy prior to, and following, an interactive demonstration on occupational therapy as part of a larger neuroscience exposition. One hundred and three elementary school-aged children (55 boys and 48 girls) from local schools attended a one-day neuroscience exposition held at the Boys & Girls Clubs of Omaha. At three of 18 booths at the exposition, occupational therapy faculty and students explained what occupational therapists do, and demonstrated the link between brain function and occupational performance. Children completed pre and post questionnaires. Results revealed that on pre-test, the vast majority of participants could not answer the question or had no idea of what occupational therapists do. On post-test, 75% reported that they had knowledge of what occupational therapists do. These preliminary findings suggest that a campaign of public awareness about occupational therapy for children would be highly effective and beneficial, and that a neuroscience exposition including occupational therapy is one effective intervention to promote such awareness. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] The development of children's ideas about others' difficulties in learningBRITISH JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION, Issue 2 2002Ann Lewis In this paper, Professor Ann Lewis, of the School of Education, University of Birmingham, reviews the literature and current research on pupils' perceptions of others' difficulties in learning. She focuses, in particular, on three strands: children's perceptions about other people and their traits; children as ,naïve' biologists, attempting to explain growth and development in others; and children's responses to and use of cues based on achievement and ideas about ability. In a wide-ranging discussion, this article explores work on theory of mind and notes the different ways in which children explain learning difficulties in others at various ages. In her conclusion, Professor Lewis makes three key points: there is a need to supplement experimental work in this area with good quality, classroom-based studies; more effort should be devoted to finding ways of accessing children's views and perceptions in authentic and reliable ways; and staff working in inclusive classrooms are ideally placed to contribute to the development of research in this area. [source] Prospective Relations Among Victimization, Rejection, Friendlessness, and Children's Self- and Peer-PerceptionsCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2005Christina Salmivalli This study investigated the prospective links between three forms of peer adversities (i.e., victimization, rejection, and lack of reciprocated friendships) and children's perceptions of themselves and of their peers. The sample consisted of 212 children (107 boys and 105 girls, 11,13 years) recruited from four primary schools and followed up for a period of one year. The results showed that a negative self-perception was a risk factor for the development of all forms of peer adversities. Of the three forms of peer adversities assessed, victimization and rejection had an influence on children's peer perceptions. None of the peer adversities predicted changes in self-perceptions. The results partially support a transactional model between children and their environments. [source] Perceptions of child labour among working children in Ibadan, NigeriaCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2006F. O. Omokhodion Abstract Background The adverse effects of child labour on the children's psychological development continue to raise concerns about this public health problem worldwide. Several views have been presented by child health authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies. Few studies have focused on the children themselves. This study sought to determine working children's perspective of child labour, its benefits and disadvantages and the working children's perceptions of themselves, and their aspirations for the future. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among working children in a large market in Ibadan, south-west Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to all consenting children. Results A total of 225 children, 132 females and 93 males, participated in the survey. Their age range was 8,17 years. A total of 103 respondents (46%) were currently in school while 117 (52%) were out of school. Five respondents (2%) had never attended school. A total of 104 (46%) thought that children should not work. However, when asked about the benefits of working, 81 working children (36%) felt that work provided a source of income for them, 52 (23%) indicated that it was a way of helping their parents and 39 (17%) thought it was part of their training to be responsible adults. Bad company, ill health and road traffic accidents were the perceived ill effects of child labour. The majority of the children interviewed were aspiring towards artisan trades and very few towards professional or office jobs. A total of 106 (47%) children perceived themselves as less fortunate than their peers. Fifty-five children (24%) thought that child labour was a sign of deprivation. The perception that child labour is a sign of deprivation was more prevalent among child workers whose highest educational attainment was primary school, child workers who had worked for more than 6 months and those whose earnings were small. Conclusion We recommend that school education for children should be a priority even when the harsh economic realities in their families force parents to send them to work outside the home. [source] Children's attitudes to parents', teachers' and employers' perceptions of term-time employmentCHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 5 2003Madeleine Leonard This article is concerned with examining working children's perceptions of how adults in a range of different settings view their employment. In particular, the article explores how participation in the labour market influences adult-child relationships within the home, at school and at work. Children interact with adults across a variety of different spheres. Dependence and independence permeate children's relationships with adults in different social settings. Entry to the labour market and access to earnings promotes responsibility among children and encourages self-reliance. The purpose of the article is to assess the extent to which these traits affect children's interaction with adults within and across the social spaces of the home, school and place of employment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Seen and heard but how well informed?CHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 3 2001Children's perceptions of the guardian ad litem service This paper is an account of a study which explored children's perceptions of the guardian and litem service and their experiences of public law proceedings. Whilst generally children felt positive about the service they received, in areas such as their attendance at court, who had access to the information they gave to their guardians, the arrangements made in regard to expert witnesses and the ability of guardians and the courts to influence care plans, a number of strong themes emerged. These are described and the implications of these findings for guardians and other professionals who practice in the field of family law are considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||