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Channel Leads (channel + lead)
Selected AbstractsOptimal Monetary Policy with an Uncertain Cost ChannelJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 5 2009PETER TILLMANN parameter uncertainty; min,max; cost channel; optimal monetary policy; Taylor rule The cost channel of monetary transmission describes a supply-side effect of interest rates on firms' costs. Previous research has found this effect to vary, both over time and across countries. Moreover, the cyclical nature of financial frictions is likely to amplify the cost channel. This paper derives optimal monetary policy in the presence of uncertainty about the true size of the cost channel. In a min,max approach, the central bank derives an optimal policy plan to be implemented by a Taylor rule. It is shown that uncertainty about the cost channel leads to an attenuated interest rate setting behavior. In this respect, the Brainard (1967) principle of cautious policy in the face of uncertainty continues to hold in both a Bayesian and a min,max framework. [source] Theoretical Study of the Reactions M++CH3F (M=Ge, As, Se, Sb)CHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 9 2010Oscar Méndez Abstract CASSCF,MRMP2 calculations have been carried out to analyze the reactions of the methyl fluoride molecule with the atomic ions Ge+, As+, Se+ and Sb+. For these interactions, potential energy curves for the low-lying electronic states were calculated for different approaching modes of the fragments. Particularly, those channels leading to CH and CF oxidative addition products, H2FCMH+ and H3CMF+, respectively were explored, as well as the paths which evolve to the abstraction (MF++CH3) and the elimination (CH2M++HF) asymptotes. For the reaction Ge++CH3F the only favorable channel leads to fluorine abstraction by the ion. As+ and Sb+ can react with CH3F along pathways yielding stable addition products. However, a viable path joining the oxidative addition product H3CMF+ with the elimination asymptote CH2M++HF was found for the reaction of the fluorocarbon compound with As+. No favorable channels were detected for the interaction of fluoromethane with Se+. The results discussed herein allow rationalizing some of the experimental data found for these interactions through gas-phase mass spectrometry. [source] Ba6Si6N10O2(CN2) , A Nitridosilicate with a NPO-Zeolite Structure Type Containing Carbodiimide IonsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2009Sandro Pagano Abstract A new precursor approach leading to NPO-zeolite analogous nitridosilicates with cavities containing carbodiimide ions is presented. The reaction of amorphous "Si(CN2)2" and barium in liquid sodium afforded Ba6Si6N10O2(CN2) as yellow crystals. The structure is a rare example of the NPO-zeolite framework type and the first nitridosilicate incorporating carbodiimide ions. The partially ordered integration of carbodiimide moieties in the channels leads to the formation of a superstructure (P, no. 174, a = 16.255(2), c = 5.4690(11) Ĺ, Z = 3, R1 = 0.0299, 2139 data, 100 parameters) and merohedral twinning. A comprehensive structure solution is presented, taking all possible ordering variants and twin laws into account.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Expression of Mouse Osteoclast K-Cl Co-Transporter-1 and Its Role During Bone Resorption,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 7 2006Hiroshi Kajiya PhD Abstract To assess the role of Cl, transport during osteoclastic bone resorption, we studied the expression and function of K+/Cl, co-transporters (KCCs). KCC1 and chloride channel-7 were found to be expressed in mouse osteoclasts. The KCC inhibitor, R(+)-butylindazone (DIOA), KCC1 antisense oligo-nucleotides, and siRNA suppressed osteoclastic pit formation. DIOA also decreased Cl, extrusion and reduced H+ extrusion activity. These results show that KCC1 provides a Cl, extrusion mechanism accompanying the H+ extrusion during bone resorption. Introduction: Mice with deficient chloride (Cl,) channels, ClC7, show severe osteopetrosis, resulting from impairment of Cl, extrusion during osteoclastic bone resorption. However, the expression and functional role of Cl, transporters other than ClC7 in mammalian osteoclasts is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine expression of K+/Cl, co-transporters (KCCs) and their functional role for bone resorption in mouse osteoclasts. Materials and Methods: Mouse osteoclasts were derived from cultured bone marrow cells with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL or from co-culture of bone marrow cells and primary osteoblasts. We examined the expression of Cl, transporters using RT-PCR, immunochemical, and Western blot methods. The effects of Cl, transport inhibitors on H+ and Cl, extrusion were assessed by measuring intracellular H+ ([H+]i) and Cl, ([Cl,]i). The effects of inhibitors, antisense oligo-nucleotides, and siRNA for Cl, transporters on bone resorption activities were evaluated using a pit formation assay. Results and Conclusions: Mouse osteoclasts express not only ClC7 but also K+/Cl, co-transporter mRNA. The existence of KCC1 in the cell membrane of mouse osteoclasts was confirmed by immunochemical staining and Western blot analysis. KCC inhibitors and Cl, channels blockers increased [Cl,]i and [H+]i in resorbing osteoclasts, suggesting that the suppression of Cl, extrusion through KCC and Cl, channels leads to reduced H+ extrusion activity. The combination of both inhibitors greatly suppressed these extrusion activities. KCC inhibitors and Cl, channel blockers also decreased osteoclastic bone resorption in our pit area essay. Furthermore, KCC1 antisense oligo-nucleotides and siRNA suppressed osteoclastic pit formation as well as treatment of ClC7 inhibitors. These results indicate that K+/Cl, co-transporter-1 expressed in mouse osteoclasts acts as a Cl, extruder and plays an important role for H+ extrusion during bone resorption. [source] | ||||||||||