CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2008
R. Uthrakumar
Abstract Good quality single crystals of Ni2+, Co2+ ions doped Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride (BTCC) are some of the excellent and efficient non-linear optical materials grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. UV spectral analyses on these samples reveal the improved transparency of the doped crystals ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. FTIR spectral analysis carried out on the materials confirm the presence of functional groups. Dielectric measurements reveal that the dielectric constant of pure and doped crystals decreases with increase of frequency. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source]

Minimizing Postoperative Drainage with 20% Ferric Chloride After Chemical Matricectomy with Phenol

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2001
A. Burhan Aksakal MD
Background. Phenol used in partial matricectomy shows its effects by denaturing matrix proteins. This highly successful method has the major problem of oozing which can continue for 5,6 weeks. Objective. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of 20% ferric chloride (FC) (FeCl3) on minimizing the oozing after chemical matricectomy with phenol. Methods. Sixty-seven patients with stage III onychocryptosis were treated by chemical matricectomy with 90% aqueous phenol. In 32 of these patients FC was applied to the nail bed after the phenolization procedure. Results. We found a statistically significant (P < .001) reduction of oozing in the FC-applied group of patients. Conclusion. We think that using FC after phenol chemical matricectomy results in a significant reduction in oozing from the operation site. [source]

Observed and predicted reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate,

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010
Peter J. Lasier
Abstract Chronic toxicities of Cl,, SO, and HCO to Ceriodaphnia dubia were evaluated in low- and moderate-hardness waters using a three-brood reproduction test method. Toxicity tests of anion mixtures were used to determine interaction effects and to produce models predicting C. dubia reproduction. Effluents diluted with low- and moderate-hardness waters were tested with animals acclimated to low- and moderate-hardness conditions to evaluate the models and to assess the effects of hardness and acclimation. Sulfate was significantly less toxic than Cl, and HCO in both types of water. Chloride and HCO toxicities were similar in low-hardness water, but HCO was the most toxic in moderate-hardness water. Low acute-to-chronic ratios indicate that toxicities of these anions will decrease quickly with dilution. Hardness significantly reduced Cl, and SO toxicity but had little effect on HCO. Chloride toxicity decreased with an increase in Na+ concentration, and HCO toxicity may have been reduced by the dissolved organic carbon in effluent. Multivariate models using measured anion concentrations in effluents with low to moderate hardness levels provided fairly accurate predictions of reproduction. Determinations of toxicity for several effluents differed significantly depending on the hardness of the dilution water and the hardness of the water used to culture test animals. These results can be used to predict the contribution of elevated anion concentrations to the chronic toxicity of effluents; to identify effluents that are toxic due to contaminants other than Cl,, SO, and HCO; and to provide a basis for chemical substitutions in manufacturing processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:347,358. Published 2009 SETAC [source]

Comparison of hardness- and chloride-regulated acute effects of sodium sulfate on two freshwater crustaceans

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2007
David John Soucek
Abstract Based on previous observations that hardness (and potentially chloride) influences sodium sulfate toxicity, the objective of the current study was to quantify the influence of both chloride and water hardness on acute toxicity to Hyalella azteca and Ceriodaphnia dubia. In addition, observed toxicity data from the present study were compared to toxicity predictions by the salinity/toxicity relationship (STR) model. Hardness had a strong influence on sulfate toxicity that was similar for both crustaceans, and nearly identical median lethal concentration (LC50)/hardness slopes were observed for the two species over the tested range. Chloride had a strong but variable influence on sulfate acute toxicity, depending on the species tested and the concentration range. At lower chloride concentrations, LC50s for H. azteca strongly were correlated positively with chloride concentration, although chloride did not affect the toxicity of sodium sulfate to C. dubia. The opposite trend was observed over the higher range of chloride concentrations where there was a negative correlation between chloride concentration and sulfate LC50 for both species. The widely ranging values for both species and a high correlation between LC50s in terms of sulfate and conductivity suggested that, whether based on sulfate, conductivity, or total dissolved solids (TDS), attempts at water quality standard development should incorporate the fact that water quality parameters such as hardness and chloride strongly influence the toxicity of high TDS solutions. The STR model predicted toxicity to C. dubia relatively well when chloride was variable and hardness fixed at approximately 100 mg/L; however, the model did not account for the protective effect of hardness on major ion/TDS toxicity. [source]

The Transient Titanocene(II): Direct Synthesis from Solvated Titanium(II) Chloride and Cyclopentadienylsodium and Ensuing Interception with Diphenylacetylene as 1,1-Bis(cyclopentadienyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyltitanacyclopentadiene,

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2007
John J. Eisch
Abstract For the first time the unstable titanocene(II) has been directly synthesized by the Wilkinson metallocene approach, namely the interaction of a THF-soluble form of titanium(II) chloride with two equivalents of cyclopentadienylsodium in THF solution at 0°,25 °C. Because of the transient existence of the titanocene(II) thereby obtained, it could only be chemically trapped in high yield as 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyltitanacyclopentadiene by two equivalents of diphenylacetylene, if the acetylene was added at 25 °C, without removal of the by-product LiCl and NaCl. If the addition of the acetylene was delayed, in order to filter off the LiCl and NaCl from the reaction mixture, then no trace of the titanacyclopentadiene derivative was found upon hydrolytic workup. Instead, a significant portion of the acetylene was found to have undergone hydrotitanation. This finding is clear evidence that the titanocene(II) had undergone a precedented rearrangement to a known dimer having the structure of a titanocene(III) hydride with a fulvalene bridge between the titanium centers. We suggest that the LiCl and NaCl present in the unfiltered reaction mixture form a dichloro complex with titanocene(II) and thereby retard its dimerizing rearrangement to the titanocene(III) hydride. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source]

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Tetrakis(arylamidine)nickel(II) Chloride and Bis[2,4-dipyridyl-1,3,5-triazapentadienato]nickel(II)

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2004
Jianping Guo
Abstract The reaction of LiN(SiMe3)2 with arylnitrile, followed by the addition of anhydrous NiCl2 gives ionic complexes of the general formula [Ni{H2NC(Ar)=NH}4]Cl2 (Ar = Ph 1, p -tolyl 2). When the above reaction is carried out with cyanopyridine instead of arylnitrile under the same reaction conditions, neutral complexes of the general formula [{HN=C(Py)N=C(Py)NH}2Ni] (Py = 4-pyridyl, 3; 3-pyridyl, 4] are obtained. Compound 1 undergoes a metathesis reaction with sodium benzoate to give the neutral complex [(PhCO2)2Ni {H2NC(Ph)=NH}4] (5). Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that 1,4 are diamagnetic and that 5 is paramagnetic with two unpaired electrons. These results suggest that 1,4 are d8 square-planar complexes and 5 is an octahedral complex. The solid state structures of compounds 1,5 were determined by X-ray crystallography. Structural analyses reveal that 1 and 2 form a one-dimensional network through charge-assisted hydrogen bonds; whereas 5 forms a one-dimensional network through hydrogen bonds only. In complexes 3 and 4, the 2,4-dipyridyl-1,3,5-triazapentadienyl ligand behaves as a bidentate ligand forming a six-membered ring with the metal ion. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source]

Palladium(II) Chloride and a (Dipyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine-Derived Palladium(II) Chloride Complex as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Synthesis of Alkynes in Water or in NMP and of Diynes in the Absence of Reoxidant

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 19 2005
Juan Gil-Moltó
Abstract The (dipyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine-derived palladium chloride complex 1 and PdCl2 are efficient catalysts for cross-coupling reactions between terminal alkynes and aryl iodides or bromides under modified Sonogashira,Cassar,Heck conditions. The alkynylation can be performed under copper-free conditions in water at reflux or at room temperature under air with pyrrolidine as base and tetra- n -butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive, with TONs of up to 7,×,104 and TOFs(h,1) of up to 6666. Terminal alkynes can be arylated in NMP as well under copper- and amine-free conditions at 110 °C or room temperature, with tetra- n -butylammonium acetate (TBAA) acting as base with TONs up to 2,×,105 and TOFs (h,1) up to 66,666. In general, complex 1 displays a slightly higher efficiency than PdCl2 as catalyst and maintains the same activity after five consecutive runs. Alternatively, these alkynylation processes can be carried out under microwave heating conditions. The homocoupling of terminal alkynes to the corresponding 1,3-diynes proceeds under phosphane-free conditions with the (dipyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine-derived palladium chloride complex 1 or with PdCl2 as catalysts and with CuI as cocatalyst in NMP with use of either TBAA or pyrrolidine as bases. This Glaser-type reaction can be performed at 110 °C or at room temp. in the presence of air without the use of a reoxidant. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source]

Arsenic in Glacial Drift Aquifers and the Implication for Drinking Water,Lower Illinois River Basin

GROUND WATER, Issue 3 2001
Kelly L. Warner
The lower Illinois River Basin (LIRB) covers 47,000 km2 of central and western Illinois. In the LIRB, 90% of the ground water supplies are from the deep and shallow glacial drift aquifers. The deep glacial drift aquifer (DGDA) is below 152 m altitude, a sand and gravel deposit that fills the Mahomet Buried Bedrock Valley, and overlain by more than 30.5 m of clayey till. The LIRB is part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment program, which has an objective to describe the status and trends of surface and ground water quality. In the DGDA, 55% of the wells used for public drinking-water supply and 43% of the wells used for domestic drinking water supply have arsenic concentrations above 10 ,g/L (a new U.S. EPA drinking water standard). Arsenic concentrations greater than 25 ,g/L in ground water are mostly in the form of arsenite (AsIII). The proportion of arsenate (AsV) to arsenite does not change along the flowpath of the DGDA. Because of the limited number of arsenic species analyses, no clear relations between species and other trace elements, major ions, or physical parameters could be established. Arsenic and barium concentrations increase from east to west in the DGDA and are positively correlated. Chloride and arsenic are positively correlated and provide evidence that arsenic may be derived locally from underlying bedrock. Solid phase geochemical analysis of the till, sand and gravel, and bedrock show the highest presence of arsenic in the underlying organic-rich carbonate bedrock. The black shale or coal within the organic-rich carbonate bedrock is a potential source of arsenic. Most high arsenic concentrations found in the DGDA are west and downgradient of the bedrock structural features. Geologic structures in the bedrock are potential pathways for recharge to the DGDA from surrounding bedrock. [source]

Photophysical Processes in ,Supramolecular Balls' Formed by Lanthanide Chloride with 2,2,-Bipyridine

HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 11 2009

Abstract The europium complex [EuCl2(bpy)2(H2O)2]Cl,1.25,C2H6O,0.37,H2O, where bpy is 2,2,-bipyridine, was synthesized and investigated with the aim to relate its molecular geometry and crystal packing to the efficiency of energy-transfer processes. The presence of H-bonds between noncoordinated Cl, ions and coordinated H2O molecules leads to the formation of discrete trimers assembled by a number of CH,,,Cl and stacking interactions into ,supramolecular balls' which contain Cl, ions and solvate molecules (H2O and EtOH). The additional stabilization of the complex is due to intramolecular N,,,C interactions between two bpy ligands that causes some shortening of the EuN bonds. Deciphering the luminescence properties of the Eu complex was performed under consideration of both the composition of the inner coordination sphere and the peculiarities of the crystal packing. The influence of the latter and the bpy orientation on the energy of the ligand,Eu charge-transfer state (LMCT) was established, and an additional excited state induced by the , -stacking interaction (SICT) was identified. [source]

Selenium-Containing Heterocycles from Isoselenocyanates: 4-Methylselenazole Derivatives from the Reaction with Malononitrile and Propargyl Chloride

HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 2 2008
Geoffroy
Abstract Aryl isoselenocyanates 1 react with malononitrile (6a) and propargyl chloride (8) in DMF in the presence of Et3N to give the corresponding 2-(3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-4-methyl-1,3-selenazol-2-ylidene)malononitriles 12 as major products. The analogous reaction takes place with benzoylacetonitrile (6f) instead of 6a. In some cases, the corresponding noncyclic 2-[(arylamino)(prop-2-ynylselanyl)methylidene]malononitriles 9 were obtained as minor products. The structures of 9e and 11a have been established by X-ray crystallography. [source]

Retention of chloride in soil and cycling of organic matter-bound chlorine

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 11 2005
G. Öberg
Abstract Chloride (Clinorg) is generally considered to be a hydrologically and chemically inert substance. Past research suggests that Clinorg participates in a complex biogeochemical cycle involving the formation of organically bound chlorine (Clorg). The present study examines whether Clorg cycling is sufficiently extensive as to influence the geochemical cycling of Clinorg. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in a coniferous forest soil in SE Sweden. The cores were stored in climate chambers for three months, irrigated with artificial rain, and the leachate was collected and analysed. The water balance of the lysimeters could be well described, and we found that 20,50% of the chlorine leached from the lysimeters was organically bound and that the amounts lost did not decrease with time. This strongly suggests that a substantial amount of Clorg forms in topsoil, and that subsequent leaching to deeper layers causes a considerable withdrawal of Clinorg. The concentration of both organic carbon and Clorg in the leachate was considerably higher than concentrations observed in the runoff in the actual catchment, suggesting that organic matter precipitates or is mineralized on its way through the soil. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

An Efficient Bismuth(III) Chloride-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,1-Diarylalkenes via Friedel,Crafts Reaction of Acyl Chloride or Vinyl Chloride with Arenes

ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 14 2006
Hongbin Sun
Abstract In the presence of catalytic amount of bismuth(III) chloride, the reactions of acyl chlorides or vinyl chlorides with arenes afforded 1,1-diarylalkenes in 25,82,% isolated yield. In the case of the reaction of acyl chlorides with arenes, the procedure includes an initial Friedel,Crafts acylation, subsequent formation of vinyl chlorides and final Friedel,Crafts-type vinylation of another arene molecule with vinyl chloride. This paper reports the first Lewis acid-catalyzed cleavage of the CCl bond of vinyl chloride and its application in the synthesis of multiply subtituted alkenes. [source]

Fermentation of Cucumbers Brined with Calcium Chloride Instead of Sodium Chloride

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010
Roger F. McFeeters
ABSTRACT:, Waste water containing high levels of NaCl from cucumber fermentation tank yards is a continuing problem for the pickled vegetable industry. A major reduction in waste salt could be achieved if NaCl were eliminated from the cucumber fermentation process. The objectives of this project were to ferment cucumbers in brine containing CaCl2 as the only salt, to determine the course of fermentation metabolism in the absence of NaCl, and to compare firmness retention of cucumbers fermented in CaCl2 brine during subsequent storage compared to cucumbers fermented in brines containing both NaCl and CaCl2 at concentrations typically used in commercial fermentations. The major metabolite changes during fermentation without NaCl were conversion of sugars in the fresh cucumbers primarily to lactic acid which caused pH to decrease to less than 3.5. This is the same pattern that occurs when cucumbers are fermented with NaCl as the major brining salt. Lactic acid concentration and pH were stable during storage and there was no detectable production of propionic acid or butyric acid that would indicate growth of spoilage bacteria. Firmness retention in cucumbers fermented with 100 to 300 mM CaCl2 during storage at a high temperature (45 °C) was not significantly different from that obtained in fermented cucumbers with 1.03 M NaCl and 40 mM CaCl2. In closed jars, cucumber fermentations with and without NaCl in the fermentation brine were similar both in the chemical changes caused by the fermentative microorganisms and in the retention of firmness in the fermented cucumbers. [source]

Effects of Calcium Chloride and Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Certain Chemical and Physical Properties of Soymilk

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2007
P. Pathomrungsiyounggul
ABSTRACT:, Soymilks with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) (0% to 1.2%) and calcium chloride (12.50, 18.75, and 25.00 mM Ca) were analyzed for total Ca, Ca ion concentration, pH, kinematic viscosity, particle diameter, and sediment after pasteurization. Higher added Ca led to significant (P, 0.05) increases in Ca ion concentration and significant (P, 0.05) decreases in pH. At certain levels of SHMP, higher concentrations of added Ca significantly increased (P, 0.05) kinematic viscosity, particle diameter, and sediment. Increasing SHMP concentration reduced Ca ion concentration, particle diameter, and dry sediment content, but reduced kinematic viscosity of samples (P, 0.05). Adding SHMP up to 0.7% influenced pH of soymilk in different ways, depending on the level of Ca addition. When the pH of Ca-fortified soymilk was adjusted to a higher level, ionic Ca decreased as pH increased. There was a negative linear relationship between the logarithm of ionic Ca concentration and the adjusted pH of the soymilk. Ionic Ca appeared to be a good indicator of thermally induced sediment formation, with little sediment being produced if ionic Ca was maintained below 0.4 mM. [source]

Hydrogen Peroxide and Calcium Chloride Added to Irrigation Water as a Strategy to Reduce Bacterial Populations and Improve Quality of Fresh Mushrooms

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005
Naveen Chikthimmah
ABSTRACT The quality and value of fresh mushrooms are often diminished by the presence of high bacterial populations that cause a brown, blotchy appearance. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the addition of hydrogen peroxide and/or calcium chloride to irrigation water as a means to reduce total bacterial populations on fresh mushrooms. Crops were grown using commercial mushroom growing practices except for the addition of 0.75% hydrogen peroxide and/or 0.3% calcium chloride irrigation water added to the crop starting 11 d after the casing layer was applied on top of mushroom compost. Irrigation water without the added treatments acted as the control. Mushrooms were aseptically sampled from the production beds for enumerating bacterial counts. Total aerobic bacterial populations were determined by standard microbiological plating procedures. Mushroom whiteness (L -value) and color (delta E) after harvest and postharvest storage were measured using a Minolta chromameter. Harvested mushrooms were separated by treatment and weighed to record yield. Mushrooms irrigated with water (control) had 7.3 log colony-forming units (CFU) of aerobic bacterial populations per gram of fresh mushroom tissue. Compared with the control, irrigation with 0.75% hydrogen peroxide and 0.3% calcium chloride reduced the bacterial populations on fresh mushrooms by 87% (6.4 log CFU/g). Irrigation with hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride significantly enhanced mushroom whiteness after harvest as well as after 6 d of postharvest storage at 12 °C. The irrigation treatments did not have a significant effect on crop yields; hence, the addition of hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride to irrigation water was demonstrated to have good potential as a practical strategy to reduce bacterial populations and to improve the quality of fresh mushrooms. [source]

Effect of Sodium Chloride, Acetic Acid, and Enzymes on Carotene Extraction in Carrots (Daucus carota L.)

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005
Maria E. Jaramillo-Flores
ABSTRACT: Carrot root cores were cut off longitudinally and treated with NaCl (0.6 and 1.2 M) and/or acetic acid (1.33%, 2.67%, and 4%) solutions. The extractability of the carotenes was estimated. Similarly, carrot cores were also treated with some degrading enzymes (carbohydrases, lipases, and proteases) alone or in combination to study the effect of the tissue rupture or the hydrolysis of possible complexes or interactions between carotenes and other components on the carotene extractability. The results showed that acetic acid increased the extractability of ,- and , carotenes up to 99.8% and 94.6%, respectively, at a 4% acid concentration compared with the samples without any treatment. This increase was directly proportional to the acid concentration. An increase in extractability was also observed for NaCl, although the increases were not as high as in the previous case with values of 49% and 41.4% for ,- and ,-carotenes respectively at a 0.6 M concentration. The study of microstructural changes and extractability revealed that the enzymatic treatments could have broken some carotene complexes and interactions and altered the carbohydrate matrix structure, increasing to a certain extent the extractability of carotenes. It can be concluded then that pickling with 4% acetic acid is a good method to increase the extractability of ,- and ,-carotenes. [source]

Analyzing Polyvinyl Chloride in Japan With the Waste Input,Output Material Flow Analysis Model

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2009
Shinichiro Nakamura
Summary Effective life cycle management of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) calls for the separation of end-of-life PVC products at the time of collection not only from other wastes but among different PVC types as well. Information about the flow of PVC products in the economy is important for this purpose. Within the framework of the Japanese input,output (IO) table for the year 2000, with around 400 industry sectors, the flow of PVC is captured in terms of six PVC-embodying products and in terms of three PVC types, (1) flexible PVC (soft PVC), (2) rigid PVC (hard PVC), and (3) others. The degree of resolution; the consideration of different PVC types, which are seldom performed in the material flow analysis (MFA) literature; and the use of waste input,output material flow analysis (WIO-MFA) represent distinguishing features of our study. The use of WIO-MFA methodology enables one to convert a monetary input,output table into a physical interindustry flow table involving an arbitrary number of materials under full consideration of the mass balance. The results indicate that 40% of the PVC produced in Japan is exported (as resins and as products such as passenger motor cars), and the rest is accumulated mostly as capital stock. The largest share of accumulation goes to public construction in the form of plates, pipes, and bars, which are mostly hard-PVC products. [source]

Sodium Bicarbonate versus Sodium Chloride and Oral N-Acetylcysteine for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

JOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009
LINDA SHAVIT M.D.
Introduction: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Multiple clinical studies have proposed several preventive strategies. Aims: To examine the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate compared with sodium chloride and oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for preventive hydration after cardiac catheterization. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center trial. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage III,IV undergoing cardiac catheterization were allocated to receive either an infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride and oral NAC or 154 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate. Main: Outcome measure CI-AKI, defined as an increase of 25% or 0.3 mg/dL or more in plasma creatinine within 2 days of contrast administration. Results: Ninety-three patients were allocated to one of the two groups: 42 patients in the saline plus NAC group and 51 patients in the bicarbonate group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the most important clinical and procedural characteristics. Baseline plasma creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate, incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and contrast medium volume were similar. Mean plasma creatinine concentration was 1.76 ± 0.54 mg/dL in the saline and NAC group and 1.9 ± 1 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group (P = 0.23). The rate of CI-AKI was 9.8% in the bicarbonate group and 8.4% in the saline plus NAC group. No patient required renal replacement therapy. Conclusion: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate is not more effective than hydration with sodium chloride and oral NAC for prophylaxis of CI-AKI in patients with CKD stage III,IV undergoing cardiac catheterization. [source]

A SERS probe of adenyl residues available for intermolecular interactions.

JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 11 2001
Part I, adenyl, fingerprint'
This work validated a SERS probe able to compare adenyl reactivity in DNA and RNA. A Creighton silver colloid including adenine (A) [or 2, -deoxyadenosine 5, -phosphate (pdA)] from 2 × 10,3 to 2 × 10,8M is stabilized in the absence or presence of chloride. Concentration-dependent SER spectral profiles reveal how A may interact with (Ag)n+ sites. At concentration ,2 × 10,5M adsorption of (A)n clusters prevents the colloid from undergoing salt effects. Adsorption via N1/N3 is allowed whereas C6NH2 is involved in self-association. At [A] <2 × 10,5M with chloride, hydrogen bonding between chloride and the C6NH2 group enhances C6N electronegativity, which assists C6N/N7 cooperative adsorption. Complex A(Cl,) entities compete with individual chloride ions for adsorption on silver. Very similar C6N/N7 adenyl adsorption occurs for pdA but only above 2 × 10,5M. Chloride,adenyl bonding is reduced and pdA self-association is weaker than adenine self-association. Steric factors, repulsive electrostatic forces and phosphate competitive reactivity with respect to chloride may explain the much higher pdA concentration needed to saturate the silver surface compared with A. Mg2+,phosphate complexation entails concentration-dependent opposite effects on adenyl reactivity with (Ag)n+ sites. Cytosine, thymine and guanine base or corresponding nucleotides deliver weaker SER spectra and much higher SERS responses for chloride adsorption compared with A or pdA. This reveals a weaker adsorption of the oxo bases, assumed to result from alternative oxo and nitrogen interactions with the (Ag)n+ sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tetragonal Barium Titanate from Barium Chloride and Titanium Tetrachloride under Moderate Conditions

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 3 2002
Huarui Xu
Tetragonal BaTiO3powders were prepared hydrothermally at 240°C, in only 12 h, using BaCl2·2H2O and TiCl4, which are rather easy to manipulate. Characterization via X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer,Emmett,Teller analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that increasing the NaOH excess concentration (from 0.5M to 2.0M) and decreasing the initial TiCl4concentration (from 0.625M to 0.15M) promotes the formation of tetragonal BaTiO3powders. After reaction, the powders were proved to be phase-pure BaTiO3, with no impurities, such as Cl, and CO32,. [source]

Effects of Ammonium Chloride on the Rheological Properties and Sedimentation Behavior of Aqueous Silica Suspensions

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 2 2000
J. Jiyou Guo
The influence of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the rheological properties and sedimentation behavior of aqueous silica (SiO2) suspensions of varying solids volume fraction (,s) was studied. SiO2 suspensions with low NH4Cl concentration (,0.05M, pH 5.2) exhibited Newtonian behavior and a constant settling velocity (U). The volume fraction dependence was well described by the Richardson,Zaki form, U=U0(1 ,,s)n, where n= 4.63 and U0= 1.0419 × 10,5 cm/s. At higher NH4Cl concentrations (0.07,2.0M, pH 5.2), suspensions exhibited shear thinning and more complicated sedimentation behavior due to their aggregated nature. For all suspensions studied, however, the apparent suspension viscosity, characteristic cluster size, and initial settling velocity were greatest at ,0.5M NH4Cl and exhibited a similar dependence on salt concentration. Above 0.5M NH4Cl, considerable restabilization was observed. This behavior cannot be explained by traditional DLVO theory. [source]

Ammonia-, Sodium Chloride-, and Calcium Sulfate-induced Changes in the Stress Responses of Jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, Juveniles

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 6 2009
Paulo César Falanghe Carneiro
Salt (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4) are used as water additives to mitigate fish stress and improve specimen survival. High stocking densities and the transportation of fish can increase aqueous ammonia, which can, in turn, alter fish cortisol secretion. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of salt, gypsum, and aqueous ammonia on some stress-induced physiological responses of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles induced by captivity and handling, and to determine the lethal ammonia concentration for this species. Jundiá juveniles were subjected to the following five treatments: water only, water + ammonia (0.4 mg/L), water + NH3 + NaCl (6 g/L), water + NH3 + gypsum (150 mg/L), and water + NH3 + NaCl + gypsum. Blood samples were taken after intervals of 1, 5, 24, and 96 h, and the concentrations of cortisol, glucose, chloride, ammonia, and hematocrit were determined. The NH3 LC50 value after 96 h of exposure (LC50,96h) was measured to be 1.9 mg/L NH3. Either salt or gypsum reduced both cortisol and glucose levels during most of the experimental period, but the combination of both reduced these levels even further. The combined use of NaCl and CaSO4 demonstrates a synergic effect on mitigating stress responses induced by handling and aqueous ammonia in jundiá juveniles. [source]

The effect of storage on the P50 of feline blood

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue 1 2007
Chris Wong DVM
Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of storage on the P50 of feline hemoglobin. Design: Prospective, in vitro, laboratory study. Subjects: Venous blood from 4 clinically healthy cats. Measurements: Blood was collected into CPDA-1 anticoagulant/preservative and maintained at 4°C for 5 weeks. Measurements were made on Days 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The blood samples were equilibrated in a tonometer to gas mixtures containing 2.5%, 4%, 5%, or 8% oxygen, with 5% carbon dioxide balance nitrogen; pH was adjusted to 7.4. Chloride, partial pressure of oxygen, and hemoglobin saturation were measured; P50 was calculated. Results: Chloride decreased from 124.3±2.1 to 88.5±1.9 mEq/L immediately after dilution with CPDA-1, and did not change for the 5 weeks thereafter. The P50 decreased from an average of 35.0±1.2 to between 31 and 32 mmHg after 7 days, and did not change further for 4 weeks thereafter. Conclusions: The decrease in P50 of feline hemoglobin was minor compared with that of blood from species in which 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is a major modifier of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. The decrease in P50 in the present study was attributed to an initial decrease in chloride and a subsequent loss of modest quantities of red cell 2,3-DPG. [source]

Application of 1-Allyl-3-(1-butyl)imidazolium Chloride in the Synthesis of Cellulose Esters: Properties of the Ionic Liquid, and Comparison with Other Solvents

MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE, Issue 8 2009
Ludmila C. Fidale
Abstract The ionic liquid (IL), 1-allyl-3-(1-butyl)imidazolium chloride (AlBuImCl), has been synthesized and its properties determined. Increase in the temperature increased its conductivity and decreased its density, polarity, and viscosity. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dissolves in this IL by heating at 80,°C; this did not affect its degree of polymerization, decreased its index of crystallinity (Ic), and changed in morphology after regeneration. Convenient acylation of MCC was achieved by using 50% excess anhydride at 80,°C, for 24 or 48 h for acetic and butyric anhydride, respectively. The composition of the mixed esters depended on the initial ratio of the anhydrides, and their order of addition. [source]

RAFT Synthesis and Solution Properties of pH-Responsive Styrenic-Based AB Diblock Copolymers of 4-Vinylbenzyltrimethylphosphonium Chloride with N,N -Dimethylbenzylvinylamine

MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 21 2007
Andrew B. Lowe
Abstract The RAFT synthesis and solution properties of AB block copolymers of 4-vinylbenzyltrimethylphosphonium chloride (TMP) and N,N -dimethylbenzylvinylamine (DMBVA) is described. The pH-dependent self-assembly properties of the AB diblock copolymers were examined using of 1H NMR, DLS, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The size of the polymeric aggregates depends on the block copolymer composition/molecular mass. The self assembly is completely reversible, as predicted from the tunable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the DMBVA residues. The AB diblock copolymers can be effectively locked in the self-assembled state using a straightforward core crosslinking reaction between the tertiary amine residues of DMBVA and difunctional 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene. [source]

Efficient Homogeneous Chemical Modification of Bacterial Cellulose in the Ionic Liquid 1- N -Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride

MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 19 2006
Kerstin Schlufter
Abstract Summary: Bacterial cellulose (BC), a unique type of cellulose, with high degree of polymerization of 6,500 could be dissolved easily in the ionic liquid 1- N -butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. For the first time, well-soluble BC acetates and carbanilates of high degree of substitution (up to a complete modification of all hydroxyl groups) were accessible under homogeneous and mild reaction conditions. Characterization of the new BC derivatives by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy shows an unexpected distribution of the acetyl moieties in the order O-6,>,O-3,>,O-2. 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO- d6) of a cellulose acetate with a DS of 2.25 synthesized in 1- N -butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. [source]

Nanoscaled Polyaniline Fibers Prepared by Ferric Chloride as an Oxidant

MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 5 2006
Lijuan Zhang
Abstract Summary: Nanoscaled polyaniline (PANI) fibers with 17,30 nm in diameter were successfully prepared by oxidation polymerization using ferric hydrochloride (FeCl3,·,6H2O) as an oxidant in the presence of p -toluenesulfonic acid (p -TSA), , -naphthalenesulfonic acid (, -NSA), and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as the dopants. The resulting nanofibers show smaller diameter, higher crystallinity and conductivity (10,1 S,·,cm,1) compared with the nanofibers oxidized by ammonium persulfate (APS), which may be due to the lower oxidation/reduction potential of FeCl3. SEM images of the PANI nanofibers prepared by oxidation polymerization using ferric hydrochloride as an oxidant. [source]

Anion effects on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of aluminium alloys

MATERIALS AND CORROSION/WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION, Issue 3 2003
R. Braun
Spannungsrisskorrosion; Aluminiumlegierungen; Chloride; halogenfreie Anionen Abstract The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of plate material of the aluminium alloys 2024-T351, 8090-T8171, 7475-T651, and 7075-T7351 was investigated performing constant load tests. Short transverse tensile specimens were permanently immersed in aerated aqueous 0.6 M Na2Cl solutions with additions of Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaHCO3, NH4HCO3, Na2HPO4, Na2SO3 or Na2CO3. The concentration of the added salts was 0.06 M. The applied stress was 100 MPa, except with 7075-T7351 specimens, which were loaded at 300 MPa. Environment induced failure was not observed in neutral 0.6 M NaCl solution. The various salts added promoted intergranular stress corrosion cracking with the alloys 2024-T351, 8090-T8171, and 7475-T651. Threshold stresses were generally below 100 MPa. For 8090-T8171 exposed to chloride containing electrolytes with additions of sulfate, hydrogen phosphate, or sulfite, threshold stresses were approximately 100 MPa or higher. Similar results were obtained for 7475-T651 plate when immersed in chloride-hydrogen phosphate and chloride-carbonate solutions. Alloy 7075-T7351 was resistant against intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Specimens suffered pitting corrosion during immersion in the corrosive environments. Failure observed with 7075-T7351, in particular when exposed to the chloride-nitrate solution, was associated with reduction of cross-sectional area due to pitting and transgranular stress corrosion cracking. Anioneneinflüsse auf das Spannungsrisskorrosionsverhalten von Aluminiumlegierungen Das Spannungsrisskorrosionsverhalten von Plattenmaterial der Aluminiumlegierungen 2024-T351, 8090-T8171, 7475-T651 und 7075-T7351 wurde in kurzer Querrichtung untersucht. Dauertauchversuche wurden unter konstanter Belastung in wässrigen 0,6 M NaCl Lösungen mit 0,06 M Zusätzen von Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaHCO3, NH4HCO3, Na2HPO4, Na2SO3 oder Na2CO3 durchgeführt. Die aufgebrachte Spannung betrug 100 MPa, außer bei Zugproben der Legierung 7075-T7351, die mit 300 MPa belastet wurden. Während bei Auslagerung in neutraler Natriumchlorid-Lösung kein Versagen beobachtet wurde, lösten die zugegebenen Salze bei den Legierungen 2024-T351, 8090-T8171 und 7475-T651 interkristalline Spannungsrisskorrosion aus. Die kritischen Grenzspannungen lagen überwiegend unter 100 MPa. Bei Auslagerung in chloridhaltigen Elektrolyten mit beigegebenen Sulfat-, Hydrogenphosphat- oder Sulfitionen waren die kritischen Grenzspannungen für die Legierung 8090-T8171 etwas höher; sie hatten einen um 100 MPa oder darüber liegenden Wert. Gleiches galt für die Legierung 7475-T651 in chloridhaltigen Lösungen mit Hydrogenphosphat- oder Carbonatzusätzen. Plattenmaterial der Legierung 7075-T7351 war in den untersuchten Elektrolyten beständig gegen interkristalline Spannungsrisskorrosion. Die Proben wurden jedoch durch Lochkorrosion geschädigt. Querschnittsverminderung infolge Lochkorrosion und transkristalliner Spannungsrisskorrosion führten zum Versagen von Zugproben der Legierung 7075-T7351 innerhalb der maximalen Prüfdauer von 30 Tagen, insbesondere bei Auslagerung in eine chlorid-nitrathaltige Lösung. [source]

Effect of Ring Methylation on the Photophysical, Photochemical and Photobiological Properties of cis -Dichlorobis(1,10-Phenanthroline)Rhodium(III)Chloride,

PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
Devanesan Loganathan
ABSTRACT Methylated analogues of cis -dichlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)-rhodium(III)chloride (BISPHEN) have been prepared in order to increase the hydrophobicity of the parent compound, and thus create octahedral rhodium (III) complexes suitable for use as anticancer and antiviral agents that can be photo-activated. The parent complex has been shown in earlier work to be unable to cross through cell membranes. Octamethylation, as in the case of cis -dichlorobis(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)chloride (OCTBP), provides enough hydrophobicity to be taken up by KB tumor cells. It also provides a higher level of ground-state association with double-stranded DNA and increases the quantum efficiency of photoaquation by greater than 10-fold, relative to BISPHEN. OCTBP forms covalent bonds to deoxyguanosine when irradiated with the nucleoside, as has been seen with the parent complex. Irradiation of OCTBP in the presence of the KB or M109 tumor cell lines using narrow-band UVB (,= 311 nm) irradiation initiates a considerable amount of phototoxicity. There is evidence that OCTBP acts as a prodrug (i.e. after passing through the cell membrane the metal complex is photolyzed to cis -chloro aquo OCTBP, which may be the active phototoxic agent). OCTBP and the tetramethyl analogue cis -dichlorobis(4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)chloride (47TMBP) also show photoaquation upon excitation with visible light (, > 500 nm), and indeed, some phototoxicity of KB cells is observed at these wavelengths as well. This is attributed to direct population of photoactive triplet-excited states. These results, together with our earlier studies of cis -dichloro[dipyrido(3,2-a: 2,,3,-c)phenazine (1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)chloride (DPPZPHEN) demonstrate that such octahedral rhodium complexes are viable "photo-cisplatin" reagents. [source]