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Certification Schemes (certification + scheme)
Selected AbstractsCertification scheme for hazelnutEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2004Article first published online: 10 SEP 200 First page of article [source] Certification scheme for roseEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2002Article first published online: 10 JUL 200 [source] Control and monitoring: control of Plum pox virus in the United KingdomEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2006R. A. Mumford Plum pox virus (PPV) was first identified in the United Kingdom in 1965. Despite a rigorous eradication policy, the disease spread quickly and established itself in all the main plum-growing areas in England. In 1975, the policy was changed from a blanket eradication campaign to one of containment; retaining statutory control of PPV on propagation material but allowing the industry to control the disease in orchards. As part of the current containment campaign, annual surveys are carried out on propagation material. These surveys show that the incidence of PPV in this material is very low and that only the D-strain is present. The precise situation regarding PPV incidence in commercial orchards is unknown. Given the low incidence in propagation material, it is likely that PPV is uncommon in actively managed orchards. However, some infected orchards probably do still exist, especially older, unmanaged or abandoned ones. Overall, the history of PPV control in the UK is one of unsuccessful eradication but successful containment. The UK experience demonstrates that given the right combination of strain and host, alongside a regular testing regime, it is possible to control PPV through the establishment of a regulated certification scheme and the supply of virus-free planting material. [source] Interlaboratory evaluation of two Reverse-transcriptase Polymeric Chain Reaction-based methods for detection of four fruit tree virusesANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009S. Massart Abstract Recent technological development of molecular methods has led to the proliferation of new rapid PCR or reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR-derived diagnostic tests for plant viruses. Nevertheless, for routine use, the reliability of all these new methods is not widely established and there is still an apprehension to adopt them in official diagnostic for certification of plant material. This is partly because of the lack of confidence in the obtained results and the poor knowledge on the reproducibility and limits of the RT-PCR protocols. There is a lack of information on the adequate risk assessment in the use of this new technology. An interlaboratory evaluation of two RT-PCR duplex protocols for the detection of four different fruit tree viruses was performed to address these questions. Identical samples were sent as crude extract preparation to each of the participant laboratories. Samples were coded to ensure a double-blind test. General principles of result analysis are described, for example calculation of parameters such as specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities. These parameters and the integration of the protocols within official certification scheme are discussed. Finally, guidelines for researchers desirous of validating their new plant virus diagnostic protocols through interlaboratory evaluation are suggested. [source] Private certification schemes as consumer protection: a viable supplement to regulation in Europe?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 6 2007Cristina PoncibòArticle first published online: 16 AUG 200 Abstract In the European single market, most product certification schemes are privately organized. This paper considers the goals and pitfalls of private certification as a form of market-based and multi-stakeholder consumer protection that relies on the transparency of information and the possibility of consumers choosing accordingly with their preferences. [source] Combining Stated and Revealed Preferences on Typical Food Products: The Case of Dry-Cured Ham in SpainJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2010Helena Resano-Ezcaray C25; D12; Q13; Q18 Abstract An extensive body of research concerns the valuation of EU certification schemes of quality based on the origin of food products. This literature focuses mainly on stated preferences (SPs) and reported behaviours by the consumers. We combine consumers' SPs, obtained through a conjoint ranking experiment, with revealed preferences (RP), obtained through a retail scanner database. We evaluate SPs as predictors of RP, and investigate whether SPs and RPs are consistent. Dry-cured ham in Spain is chosen as the anchor product, mainly because of its broad customer base and long history of origin certification. A ,trick' nested logit model with non-identical and identical samples of consumers is estimated to answer each of the objectives. Results show that, irrespective of the analysed samples, SP can predict general market trends and choices but not accurately predict market shares, and that consumers' actual behaviour is partly consistent with their SPs. We find that consumers prefer ham produced in Teruel, compared with unspecified Spanish origin. Quality Certification and a Distributor's Brand are preferred over the alternatives of no quality label or identified with a brand owned by the producer. Interestingly, SPs for the Quality Certification and the distributor's brand lead to an over- and under-estimation, respectively, of the market share. [source] Europäische Ansätze für Energieeffizienz-Monitoring auf der Basis von Energieausweis-DatenBAUPHYSIK, Issue 3 2009Tobias Loga Dipl.-Phys. Energieeinsparung; Gebäudebestand Abstract Das DATAMINE-Projekt wurde angesichts des Bedarfs nach konkreten Daten über den tatsächlichen energetischen Zustand des europäischen Gebäudebestands und die bestehenden Potentiale zur Energieeinsparung und CO2-Emissionsminderung ins Leben gerufen. Diese Daten sollen längerfristig helfen, das politische Instrumentenbündel (ordnungsrechtliche, steuerliche, Förder-Maßnahmen, Informationsvermittlung) so zu gestalten, dass es wirkungsvoll und kosteneffizient ist. Entsprechend dem DATAMINE-Konzept basieren die Informationen auf Energieausweisen, die gemäß EU-Gebäuderichtlinie ausgestellt werden, sobald ein Gebäude gebaut, verkauft oder vermietet wird. Im Rahmen des DATAMINE-Projekts wurden in zwölf Ländern Feldversuche mit größeren Gebäudedaten-Sammlungen durchgeführt, jeder mit unterschiedlichen Analysezielen. Dabei nutzte jedes Land die gleiche Datenstruktur für die Sammlung seiner Energieausweis-Daten, die im Vorfeld gemeinsam entwickelt worden war. Diese lässt sich auf die verschiedenen Zertifizierungssysteme anwenden, die die europäischen Länder auf Grund der Unterschiede in Informationsbedürfnissen, Gebäudearten und Klima entwickelt haben. Rund 19.000 Datensätze wurden im gemeinsamen DATAMINE-Format gesammelt. In einem Ländervergleich konnten verschiedene Energieeffizienz-Indikatoren gegenübergestellt werden. Das Ergebnis der Analysen ergibt einen genaueren Einblick in den aktuellen Stand der energetischen Modernisierung spezifischer Gebäudegruppen in den beteiligten Ländern. Schließlich wurden Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Entwicklung von Monitoringsystemen in jedem Land und auf EU-Ebene gezogen. European attempt at energy performance monitoring based on data collections and certification schemes. The launch of the DATAMINE project has been driven by the need for concrete data on the actual energy performance of the European building stock as well as the potential energy savings and CO2 reductions. In the longer term data can help develop tailored, cost-efficient complementary measures to energy performance legislation, such as soft loans and tax incentives. DATAMINE aims to construct a knowledge base using the information on the energy performance certificates issued when buildings are constructed, sold or rented. In the framework of DATAMINE test projects were carried out on large samples of buildings in 12 countries, each with individual monitoring targets. In each country the same data structure was used for data collection which had been developed at the forefront. Full allowance is made for the Europe-wide differences in certification schemes, since each country has a scheme tailored to its specific needs, building stock and climate. Around 19,000 datasets have been collected in the common DATAMINE format. Cross-country analysis of the collected data was performed comparing different energy performance indicators. The result of the evaluation activities gives a clearer insight into the current state of refurbishment of specific building subsets in each country. Finally conclusions were drawn regarding the development of monitoring systems in each country and on EU level. [source] | |||||||||||||