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Certain Regions (certain + regions)
Selected AbstractsThe behavior of extreme cold air outbreaks under greenhouse warmingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2006S. Vavrus Abstract Climate model output is used to analyze the behavior of extreme cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) under recent and future climatic conditions. The study uses daily output from seven GCMs run under late-twentieth century and projected twenty-first century radiative conditions (SRES A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario). We define a CAO as an occurrence of two or more consecutive days during which the local mean daily surface air temperature is at least two standard deviations below the local wintertime mean temperature. In agreement with observations, the models generally simulate modern CAOs most frequently over western North America and Europe and least commonly over the Arctic. These favored regions for CAOs are located downstream from preferred locations of atmospheric blocking. Future projections indicate that CAOs,defined with respect to late-twentieth century climatic conditions,will decline in frequency by 50 to 100% in most of the Northern Hemisphere during the twenty-first century. Certain regions, however, show relatively small changes and others actually experience more CAOs in the future, due to atmospheric circulation changes and internal variability that counter the thermodynamic tendency from greenhouse forcing. These areas generally experience greater near-surface wind flow from the north or the continent during the twenty-first century and/or are especially prone to atmospheric blocking events. Simulated reductions in CAOs are smallest in western North America, the North Atlantic, and in southern regions of Europe and Asia. The Eurasian pattern is driven by a strong tendency for the models to produce sea-level pressure (SLP) increases in the vicinity of the Mediterranean Sea (intermodel mean of 3 hPa), causing greater advection of continental air from northern and central Asia, while the muted change over western North America is due to enhanced ridging along the west coast and the increased frequency of blocking events. The North Atlantic response is consistent with a slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, which either damps the warming regionally or results in a cooler mean climate in the vicinity of Greenland. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] Rendering the World Unsafe: ,Vulnerability' as Western DiscourseDISASTERS, Issue 1 2001Gregory Bankoff Disasters seem destined to be major issues of academic enquiry in the new century if for no other reason than that they are inseparably linked to questions of environmental conservation, resource depletion and migration patterns in an increasingly globalised world. Unfortunately, inadequate attention has been directed at considering the historical roots of the discursive framework within which hazard is generally presented, and how that might reflect particular cultural values to do with the way in which certain regions or zones of the world are usually imagined. This paper argues that tropicality, development and vulnerability form part of one and the same essentialising and generalising cultural discourse that denigrates large regions of world as disease-ridden, poverty-stricken and disaster-prone. [source] Context Dependent Territory Defense: The Importance of Habitat Structure in Anolis sagreiETHOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Ryan Calsbeek Territoriality is a potentially costly endeavor, and several mechanisms for mitigating the costs of territoriality have been investigated in the wild. For example, territory owners can reduce the costs of defending territory boundaries by prioritizing defense of the most valuable areas within territories, investing less energy in low quality areas. We staged pairwise encounters between adult male lizards on natural territories in the wild, to test whether male brown anoles, Anolis sagrei, would differentially defend certain regions of their territories over others. Based on our observations that male A. sagrei spend most of their time on elevated perches on tree trunks or branches compared with sites on the ground, we predicted that territory residents would respond more aggressively to territory invasions that took place on elevated perches than to invasions on the ground. We measured significant differences in the behavior of residents following invasion on the ground vs. on the elevated perches, and results partially supported our hypothesis. Males performed more displays and approached intruders more often when territory invasion took place on the ground, but were quicker to attack intruders that entered territories on elevated perches. Our hypothesis was only partially supported, potentially indicating that elevated perches are preferred as outposts to monitor valuable sites on the ground. Our study provides evidence that territory defense varies not just among individuals, but also within individuals at different locations in a territory. [source] Mapping the functional domain of the prion proteinFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 16 2003Taian Cui Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt,Jakob disease are possibly caused by the conversion of a normal cellular glycoprotein, the prion protein (PrPc) into an abnormal isoform (PrPSc). The process that causes this conversion is unknown, but to understand it requires a detailed insight into the normal activity of PrPc. It has become accepted from results of numerous studies that PrPc is a Cu-binding protein and that its normal function requires Cu. Further work has suggested that PrPc is an antioxidant with an activity like that of a superoxide dismutase. We have shown in this investigation that this activity is optimal for the whole protein and that deletion of parts of the protein reduce or abolish this activity. The protein therefore contains an active domain requiring certain regions such as the Cu-binding octameric repeat region and the hydrophobic core. These regions show high evolutionary conservation fitting with the idea that they are important to the active domain of the protein. [source] Voltinism flexibility of a riverine dragonfly along thermal gradientsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008ERIK BRAUNE Abstract Potential effects of future warming should be reflected in life history patterns of aquatic organisms observed in warmer climates or in habitats that are different in ambient temperature. In the special case of the dragonfly Gomphus vulgatissimus (L.) (Odonata: Gomphidae) previous research suggests that voltinism decreases from south to north. We analysed data on voltinism from 11 sample sites along a latitudinal gradient from about 44°N to 53°N, comprising small streams to medium-sized rivers. Furthermore, to simulate different conditions and to allow projections for future climate change scenarios, we developed a population dynamic model based on a projection matrix approach. The parameters of the model are dependent on temperature and day length. Our field results indicate a decrease in voltinism along the latitudinal gradient from southern to northern Europe and a corresponding increase of voltinism with higher temperatures. An increase in voltinism with width of the running water implies an effect of varying habitat temperature. Under the impact of global warming, our model predicts an increased development speed, particularly in the northern part of the latitudinal gradient, an extension of the northern range limit and changes in phenology of G. vulgatissimus, leading to an extension of the flight season in certain regions along the gradient. [source] Molecular diagnosis of inherited disorders: lessons from hemoglobinopathies,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 5 2005George P. Patrinos Abstract Hemoglobinopathies constitute a major health problem worldwide, with a high carrier frequency, particularly in certain regions where malaria has been endemic. These disorders are characterized by a vast clinical and hematological phenotypic heterogeneity. Over 1,200 different genetic alterations that affect the DNA sequence of the human ,-like (HBZ, HBA2, HBA1, and HBQ1) and ,-like (HBE1, HBG2, HBG1, HBD, and HBB) globin genes are mainly responsible for the observed clinical heterogeneity. These mutations, together with detailed information about the resulting phenotype, are documented in the globin locus-specific HbVar database. Family studies and comprehensive hematological analyses provide useful insights for accurately diagnosing thalassemia at the DNA level. For this purpose, numerous techniques can provide accurate, rapid, and cost-effective identification of the underlying genetic defect in affected individuals. The aim of this article is to review the diverse methodological and technical platforms available for the molecular diagnosis of inherited disorders, using thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies as a model. This article also attempts to shed light on issues closely related to thalassemia diagnostics, such as prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnoses and genetic counseling, for better-quality disease management. Hum Mutat 26(5), 399,412, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] No evidence for association of the TP53 12139 and the BAX,248 polymorphisms with endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 2 2006K. F. Köhler Summary Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune bullous epidermal disease, characterized by autoantibodies specific to the desmosomal protein desmoglein 1 (dsg1) and by acantholysis, the rupture of the cellular junctions among keratinocytes. Known also as fogo selvagem (wild fire) in Brazil, the disease has distinct epidemiological characteristics, being endemic in certain regions of South America. It is a multifactorial (complex) disease, with oligo- or polygenic disease susceptibility. In view of the previously reported evidences of a role for apoptosis dysregulation in pemphigus pathogenesis, we hypothesized that genetic variants of molecules participating in apoptosis may contribute to interindividual variation of susceptibility to PF. The TP53 12139(G,C) and the BAX,248(G,A) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were analysed in a genetic association study. The allelic, genotypic and allele carrier frequencies for these SNPs did not differ statistically between the patient and the control groups, for both the Euro- and the Afro-Brazilian population strata. The results of this study lead us to conclude that, although the TP53 and BAX alleles analysed differ functionally, this variation does not alter the functionality of the molecules in a way that would interfere with the development of the disease. [source] A cornerstone for adequate supply of safe bloodISBT SCIENCE SERIES: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, Issue 1 2006M. Y. Zhu Blood safety and timely adequate supply have significant impacts not only on healthcare service, but also the socio-economic development and political stability of a country. However, until a decade ago the importance has not been seriously taken in the country. Distinct blood programme and safety strategy were not always available. In certain regions of the country the supervision to establishments involved in blood collection, processing and transfusion was neither strict nor sufficient. During the early period of 1990, HIV was transmitted among plasma-apheresis donors in two central provinces. The relevant plasma-apheresis centres, in which plasma is collected solely as source materials for fractionation, were accused for wrongdoings including not performing HIV screening, and mixing red cells from different donors with same blood types before back infusion. [source] Phylogeography of the world's tallest angiosperm, Eucalyptus regnans: evidence for multiple isolated Quaternary refugiaJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2010Paul G. Nevill Abstract Aim, There is a need for more Southern Hemisphere phylogeography studies, particularly in Australia, where, unlike much of Europe and North America, ice sheet cover was not extensive during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This study examines the phylogeography of the south-east Australian montane tree species Eucalyptus regnans. The work aimed to identify any major evolutionary divergences or disjunctions across the species' range and to examine genetic signatures of past range contraction and expansion events. Location, South-eastern mainland Australia and the large island of Tasmania. Methods, We determined the chloroplast DNA haplotypes of 410 E. regnans individuals (41 locations) based on five chloroplast microsatellites. Genetic structure was examined using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and a statistical parsimony tree was constructed showing the number of nucleotide differences between haplotypes. Geographic structure in population genetic diversity was examined with the calculation of diversity parameters for the mainland and Tasmania, and for 10 regions. Regional analysis was conducted to test hypotheses that some areas within the species' current distribution were refugia during the LGM and that other areas have been recolonized by E. regnans since the LGM. Results, Among the 410 E. regnans individuals analysed, 31 haplotypes were identified. The statistical parsimony tree shows that haplotypes divided into two distinct groups corresponding to mainland Australia and Tasmania. The distribution of haplotypes across the range of E. regnans shows strong geographic patterns, with many populations and even certain regions in which a particular haplotype is fixed. Many locations had unique haplotypes, particularly those in East Gippsland in south-eastern mainland Australia, north-eastern Tasmania and south-eastern Tasmania. Higher haplotype diversity was found in putative refugia, and lower haplotype diversity in areas likely to have been recolonized since the LGM. Main conclusions, The data are consistent with the long-term persistence of E. regnans in many regions and the recent recolonization of other regions, such as the Central Highlands of south-eastern mainland Australia. This suggests that, in spite of the narrow ecological tolerances of the species and the harsh environmental conditions during the LGM, E. regnans was able to persist locally or contracted to many near-coastal refugia, maintaining a diverse genetic structure. [source] Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Left Atrium by Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Implications for Catheter Ablation for Atrial FibrillationJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2006MOUSSA MANSOUR M.D. Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has become one of the primary treatments for symptomatic drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). During this procedure, delivery of ablation lesions to certain regions of the left atrium can be technically challenging. Among the most challenging regions are the ridges separating the left pulmonary veins (LPV) from the left atrial appendage (LAA), and the right middle pulmonary vein (RMPV) from the right superior (RSPV) and right inferior (RIPV) pulmonary veins. A detailed anatomical characterization of these regions has not been previously reported. Methods: Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed in patients prior to undergoing PVI. Fifty consecutive patients with a RMPV identified by MRA were included in this study. Ridges associated with the left pulmonary veins were examined in an additional 30 patients who did not have a RMPV. Endoluminal views were reconstructed from the gadolinium-enhanced, breath-hold three-dimensional MRA data sets. Measurements were performed using electronic calipers. Results: The width of the ridge separating the LPV from the LAA was found to be 3.7 ± 1.1 mm at its narrowest point. The segment of this ridge with a width of 5 mm or less was 16.6 ± 6.4 mm long. The width of the ridges separating the RMPV from the RSPV and the RIPV was found to be 3.0 ±1.5 mm and 3.1 ±1.8 mm, respectively. There were no significant differences between LPV ridges for patients with versus without a RMPV. Conclusion: The width of the ridges of atrial tissue separating LPV from the LAA and the RMPV from its neighboring veins may explain the technical challenge in obtaining stable catheter positions in these areas. A detailed assessment of the anatomy of these regions may improve the safety and efficacy of catheter ablation at these sites. [source] Calnexin inhibits thermal aggregation and neurotoxicity of prion proteinJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010Wenxi Wang Abstract Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorder associated with the conversion of the cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrPC) into the infectious scrapie isoform (PrPSc). Deposition of misfolded prion proteins (PrP) on certain regions of brain can result in prion diseases. As a membrane-bound chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), calnexin ensures the proper folding and quality control of newly synthesized proteins. Using purified components in vitro, calnexin associated with many proteins and suppresses their thermal aggregation effectively. We for the first time analyzed PrP-calnexin interaction. The immunoprecipitation, confocal microscope and native polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis results indicated that calnexin could bind PrP both in vitro and in vivo. The turbidity result showed that calnexin could supress thermal aggregation of PrP. MTT, flow cytometry (FCM) and caspase activity studies demonstrated that calnexin prevent caspase-3-mediated cytotoxicity induced by PrP. These results implied that calnexin is potentially beneficial for the resistance of prion diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 343,349, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Sensitivity analysis in oxidation ditch modelling: the effect of variations in stoichiometric, kinetic and operating parameters on the performance indicesJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2001A Abusam Abstract This paper demonstrates the application of the factorial sensitivity analysis methodology in studying the influence of variations in stoichiometric, kinetic and operating parameters on the performance indices of an oxidation ditch simulation model (benchmark). Factorial sensitivity analysis investigates the sensitivities in a region rather than in a point. Hence, it has the advantage of giving more information about parameter interactions (non-linearity). Short-term results obtained have shown the following. The index AE is not significantly affected by variations in the value of parameters of the activated sludge model (ASM) No 1. The index TSP is greatly influence by heterotrophic yield (YH), heterotrophic decay (bH) and specific hydrolysis (kh) and the index EQ is dominated by YH, Monod coefficient (KS), bH, kh, anoxic condition correction factors (,g, ,h), hydrolysis half-saturation coefficient (KX), autotrophs maximum specific growth rate (µA) and ammonia half-saturation coefficient (KNH). Furthermore, the index EQ has been shown to be very sensitive to parameter interactions, at certain regions. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The Role of Neurotrophic Factors, Apoptosis-Related Proteins, and Endogenous Antioxidants in the Differential Temporal Vulnerability of Neonatal Cerebellum to EthanolALCOHOLISM, Issue 4 2003Marieta Barrow Heaton Background: Ethanol produces abnormalities in the developing nervous system, with certain regions being vulnerable during well-defined periods. Neonatal rodent cerebellum is particularly susceptible to ethanol during the early postnatal period [on postnatal days 4-5 (P4-5)], while this region is resistant to ethanol at a slightly later time (P7-9). We assessed basal levels of several substances which may be involved in differential temporal ethanol vulnerability in neonatal cerebellum, and analyzed alterations in these substances after early ethanol exposure. Methods: Assessments were made of neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4; apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bcl-xs, Bad, phosphorylated-Bad, phosphorylated-Akt, and phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase; and the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. These analyses quantified basal levels (in controls), and sequential changes following acute ethanol exposure at the vulnerable and resistant cerebellar periods (P4, P7). Results: Comparisons of basal levels of the molecules assessed between P4 and P7 revealed higher levels of total proapoptotic Bad at p4, higher levels of the protective pAkt kinase at P7, and lower levels of proapoptotic pJNK at P7. Other basal levels did not differ. While ethanol-mediated alterations were found at both ages favoring both apoptosis and survival, the apoptosis-promoting changes produced on P4 exceeded those on P7, and most occurred within the first 2 hr after exposure, a critical survival/death period. The number of alterations favoring survival were similar at the two ages, but at P7 most occurred within the first 2 hr after exposure, possibly acting in a protective manner. Conclusions: Differential temporal vulnerability to ethanol in the neonatal cerebellum appears to be paralleled by cellular alterations in neurotrophic factors, apoptosis-regulatory proteins, and/or antioxidant activities which generally favor apoptosis at the most sensitive age and survival at the resistant age. [source] Spatial pattern of MHC class II variation in the great snipe (Gallinago media)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 7 2007ROBERT EKBLOM Abstract The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) code for proteins involved in antigen recognition and triggering of the adaptive immune response, and are therefore likely to be under selection from parasites. These selection regimes may vary in space and time. Here we report a strong geographical structure in MHC class II B genes of a migrating bird, the great snipe (Gallinago media). Genetic differentiation in the MHC between two ecologically distinct distributional regions (Scandinavian mountain populations vs. East European lowland populations) was still present after statistically controlling for the effect of selectively neutral variation (microsatellites) using partial Mantel tests. This suggests a role for selection in generating this spatial structure and that it represents local adaptation to different environments. Differentiation between populations within the two regions was negligible. Overall, we found a high number of MHC alleles (50, from 175 individuals). This, together with a tendency for a higher rate of nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions in the peptide binding sites, and high Tajima's D in certain regions of the gene, suggests a history of balancing selection. MHC variation is often thought to be maintained by some form of balancing selection, but the nature of this selection remains unclear. Our results support the hypothesis that spatial variation in selection regimes contributes to the high polymorphism. [source] Quantitative evaluation of shunts in solar cells by lock-in thermographyPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 8 2003O. Breitenstein Abstract Infrared lock-in thermography allows to image shunts very sensitively in all kinds of solar cells and also to measure dark currents flowing in certain regions of the cell quantitatively. After a summary of the physical basis of lock-in thermography and its practical realization, four types of quantitative measurements are described: local I,V characteristics measured thermally up to a constant factor (LIVT); the quantitative measurement of the current through a local shunt; the evaluation of the influence of shunts on the efficiency of a cell as a function of the illumination intensity; and the mapping of the ideality factor n and the saturation current density J0 over the whole cell. The investigation of a typical multicrystalline solar cell shows that the shunts are predominantly responsible for deterioration of the low-light-level performance of the cell, and that variations of the injection current density related to crystal defects are predominantly determined by variation of J0 rather than of n. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] In situ effective diffusion coefficient profiles in live biofilms using pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonanceBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 6 2010Ryan S. Renslow Abstract Diffusive mass transfer in biofilms is characterized by the effective diffusion coefficient. It is well documented that the effective diffusion coefficient can vary by location in a biofilm. The current literature is dominated by effective diffusion coefficient measurements for distinct cell clusters and stratified biofilms showing this spatial variation. Regardless of whether distinct cell clusters or surface-averaging methods are used, position-dependent measurements of the effective diffusion coefficient are currently: (1) invasive to the biofilm, (2) performed under unnatural conditions, (3) lethal to cells, and/or (4) spatially restricted to only certain regions of the biofilm. Invasive measurements can lead to inaccurate results and prohibit further (time-dependent) measurements which are important for the mathematical modeling of biofilms. In this study our goals were to: (1) measure the effective diffusion coefficient for water in live biofilms, (2) monitor how the effective diffusion coefficient changes over time under growth conditions, and (3) correlate the effective diffusion coefficient with depth in the biofilm. We measured in situ two-dimensional effective diffusion coefficient maps within Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms using pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods, and used them to calculate surface-averaged relative effective diffusion coefficient (Drs) profiles. We found that (1) Drs decreased from the top of the biofilm to the bottom, (2) Drs profiles differed for biofilms of different ages, (3) Drs profiles changed over time and generally decreased with time, (4) all the biofilms showed very similar Drs profiles near the top of the biofilm, and (5) the Drs profile near the bottom of the biofilm was different for each biofilm. Practically, our results demonstrate that advanced biofilm models should use a variable effective diffusivity which changes with time and location in the biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 928,937. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Canadian cities as regional engines of growth: agglomeration and amenitiesCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2007Mark Partridge Abstract., Canadian regional population growth is less understood than that of the United States. In both countries, certain regions have persistent population growth. Yet, unlike U.S. trends of amenity-driven migration away from historic urban centres, Canadian growth is more urban centric. This study assesses whether agglomeration economies in the few major Canadian metropolitan areas lead to population growth in or near these cities rather than the more-dispersed U.S. patterns. The results suggest that disparities such as the concentration of Canadians along its southern border may explain migration patterns, indicating that key differences in initial conditions may produce different outcomes between the two countries. Contrairement à ce qui est le cas aux Etats-Unis, la croissance de la population régionale n'est pas un phénomène bien compris au Canada. Dans les deux pays, certaines régions ont une croissance persistante de la population. Mais contrairement à ce qui se passe aux Etats-Unis, où les tendances de la migration sont de quitter les centres urbains traditionnels à la recherche d'autres commodités, au Canada la croissance est centrée sur les villes. Cette étude essaie de déterminer si ce sont les économies d'agglomération dans les quelques grandes zones métropolitaines canadiennes qui tendent à entraîner une croissance de la population dans et près de ces villes plutôt que d'engendrer un pattern de plus grande dispersion comme c'est le cas aux Etats-Unis. Les résultats suggèrent que certaines disparités comme la concentration des Canadiens le long de la frontière américaine peuvent expliquer les patterns de migration. Des différences dans les conditions de départ pourraient aussi expliquer des patterns différents entre les deux pays. [source] Investigation of the Substrate Specificity of Lacticin 481 Synthetase by Using Nonproteinogenic Amino AcidsCHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 5 2009Matthew R. Levengood Abstract One enzyme, many substrates. The substrate specificity of a lantibiotic biosynthetic enzyme, lacticin 481 synthetase, was probed by using synthetic prepeptides containing a variety of nonproteinogenic amino acids, including unnatural ,-amino acids, ,-amino acids, D -amino acids, and peptoids. Lantibiotics are peptide antimicrobial compounds that are characterized by the thioether-bridged amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. For lacticin 481, these structures are installed in a two-step post-translational modification process by a bifunctional enzyme, lacticin 481 synthetase (LctM). LctM catalyzes the dehydration of Ser and Thr residues to generate dehydroalanine or dehydrobutyrine, respectively, and the subsequent intramolecular regio- and stereospecific Michael-type addition of cysteines onto the dehydroamino acids. In this study, semisynthetic substrates containing nonproteinogenic amino acids were prepared by expressed protein ligation and [3+2]-cycloaddition of azide and alkyne-functionalized peptides. LctM demonstrated broad substrate specificity toward substrates containing ,-amino acids, D -amino acids, and N -alkyl amino acids (peptoids) in certain regions of its peptide substrate. These findings showcase its promise for use in lantibiotic and peptide-engineering applications, whereby nonproteinogenic amino acids might impart improved stability or modulated biological activities. Furthermore, LctM permitted the incorporation of an alkyne-containing amino acid that can be utilized for the site-selective modification of mature lantibiotics and used in target identification. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||