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Certain Principles (certain + principle)
Selected AbstractsOptimal parameters in the HSS-like methods for saddle-point problemsNUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH APPLICATIONS, Issue 6 2009Zhong-Zhi BaiArticle first published online: 17 NOV 200 Abstract For the Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting iteration method and its accelerated variant for solving the large sparse saddle-point problems, we compute their quasi-optimal iteration parameters and the corresponding quasi-optimal convergence factors for the more practical but more difficult case that the (1, 1)-block of the saddle-point matrix is not algebraically equivalent to the identity matrix. In addition, the algebraic behaviors and the clustering properties of the eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrices with respect to these two iterations are investigated in detail, and the formulas for computing good iteration parameters are given under certain principle for optimizing the distribution of the eigenvalues. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evaluation of Rural Development Requires Clarity on Expected Outcomes L'évaluation du développement rural demande à ce que les résultats attendus soient clairement identifiés Die Evaluation der Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums erfordert Klarheit hinsichtlich der erwarteten ErgebnisseEUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2010Richard Wakeford Summary Evaluation of Rural Development Requires Clarity on Expected Outcomes Without good evaluation, we deny ourselves the evidence that should influence choices of policy instrument in the future. Evaluation of rural development is complex. The crucial thing is to be absolutely clear about the outcome you want before starting the project. For a building, defining desired outcomes is not too difficult if the architect and partners in development work properly with the client from the start. Evaluation of whether society is achieving sustainable development is pretty near impossible, given so many competing views of what success might look like in terms of outcomes. Evaluation of rural development policy falls somewhere between these two extremes. The suspicion is that, despite Regulations agreed at Council level, the EU's 27 ,Rural Development' Ministers would not reveal much consensus about the desired outcomes of the EU's rural development policy. Ministers and officials may find it hard to bring themselves to do evaluation as it may show that their policies haven't delivered. Nevertheless, useful evaluation can take place. It has to face a series of technical issues, such as ,Should the evaluation be of individual programmes or combinations of programmes'. It also has to respect certain principles, such as the ,arms length' status of the evaluator. Sans une bonne évaluation, nous nous privons des informations qui devraient influencer les choix en matière d'instrument de politique pour l'avenir. L'évaluation du développement rural est complexe. Avant de démarrer un projet, il est crucial d'être absolument clair sur les résultats désirés. Définir les résultats désirés n'est pas tellement difficile pour une construction si les architectes et les partenaires du développement travaillent correctement avec le client dès le début. Évaluer si la société atteint un développement durable est pratiquement impossible du fait du grand nombre de vues contradictoires sur ce que pourrait constituer un succès en termes de résultats. L'évaluation de la politique de développement rural se situe quelque part entre ces extrêmes. On peut soupçonner qu'en dépit des règlements acceptés au niveau du Conseil, les ministres en charge du "développement rural" des pays de l'Union européenne à 27 n'atteindraient pas un grand niveau de consensus sur les résultats désirés de la politique de développement rural. Les ministres et les autorités pourraient trouver difficile de procéder à une évaluation car elle pourrait conduire à la conclusion que les politiques n'ont pas eu de succès. Il est pourtant possible de réaliser une évaluation utile. Elle devrait s'affronter à une série de questions techniques telles que "l'évaluation devrait-elle concerner des programmes individuels ou une combinaison de programmes". Elle devrait aussi respecter certains principes comme le statut "en retrait" de l'évaluateur. Ohne eine gute Evaluation verzichtet man bewusst auf Information, anhand derer zukünftige Politikmaßnahmen ausgewählt werden sollten. Die Evaluation der Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums ist kompliziert: Es kommt darauf an, das verlangte Ergebnis im Vorfeld ganz genau festzulegen. Beim Hausbau z.B. ist es nicht allzu schwierig, die gewünschten Ergebnisse zu definieren, wenn der Architekt und alle beteiligten Vertragspartner von Anfang an mit dem Bauherrn Hand in Hand arbeiten. Es ist dagegen nahezu unmöglich zu evaluieren, ob die Gesellschaft eine nachhaltige Entwicklung erreicht, wenn so viele widersprüchliche Vorstellungen hinsichtlich eines erfolgreichen Ergebnisses existieren. Die Evaluation der Politik des ländlichen Raums liegt irgendwo zwischen diesen beiden Extremen. Obwohl im Ministerrat Einigkeit über die entsprechenden Verordnungen erzielt wurde, würden die Minister für die "Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums" der EU27 vermutlich nicht in vielen Fragen, welche die gewünschten Ergebnisse der Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums der EU betreffen, übereinstimmen. Minister und Beamte können sich möglicherweise nur schwer dazu motivieren, Evaluationen durchzuführen, da sich ihre Politikmaßnahmen eventuell nicht als erfolgreich herausstellen könnten. Dennoch kann eine nutzbringende Evaluation stattfinden. Sie steht einer Reihe von technischen Fragen gegenüber wie z.B. ,Sollte sich die Evaluation auf einzelne Programme oder auf eine Kombination von Programmen beziehen'. Sie muss ebenfalls auf gewissen Grundsätzen beruhen, wie z.B. der Unabhängigkeit des Evaluators. [source] "Therefore, Get Wisdom": What Should the President Know, and How Can He Know It?GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2009ANDREW RUDALEVIGEArticle first published online: 26 MAR 200 The literature on the U.S. presidency offers analysis of how the presidential advice and information support function has been performed. Some studies go further to suggest certain principles for designing the advice- and information-giving process involved in presidential decision making, along with organizational features to implement such principles. A well-established principle, based on comparative case studies, is that presidents should institutionalize distrust. Implementation of this principle usually involves channeling competing options, along with supporting information, to the Oval Office before a president becomes committed to a course of action or policy choice. In designing how the presidential support function is to operate, the advantages and disadvantages of the institutionalized distrust principle should be carefully examined, taking into account circumstantial conditions. This article examines this practical issue from the perspective of a historically oriented presidency scholar, writing during the transition to the Barack Obama administration. [source] Statistical issues in interpreting clinical trialsJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2004D. L. DeMets Abstract. Randomized clinical trial is an important research tool in evaluating new therapeutic agents, devices and procedures. In order to obtain reliable and unbiased results, careful consideration must be given in the design and conduct of the trial. However, bias can be introduced in the analysis of the final data if certain principles are not followed. Several issues are described that make interpretation of analyses challenging. These include the intent-to-treat principle, the use of surrogate outcome measures, subgroup analyses, missing data and noninferiority trials. [source] Mass closure: a new technique for closure of the vaginal vault at vaginal hysterectomyBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 12 2001Tariq Miskry A variety of methods of management of the vaginal vault have been described, all of which maintain certain principles. In techniques that advocate closure of the vault, the peritoneum and vaginal epithelium are treated with separate sutures. This leaves a potential space above the vaginal closure. We describe a simple technique of mass closure which obliterates this space and incorporates the pedicles to provide support for the vault. This method may hold potential advantages in terms of haemostasis, risk of vault haematoma, and post-operative vaginal cuff infections. [source] | ||||||||||