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Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia (cervical + sympathetic_ganglion)
Selected AbstractsDevelopmental changes in neurite outgrowth responses of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia to GDNF, neurturin, and arteminDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2003H. Yan Abstract The ability of glial cell line,derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin, and artemin to induce neurite outgrowth from dorsal root, superior cervical, and lumbar sympathetic ganglia from mice at a variety of development stages between embryonic day (E) 11.5 and postnatal day (P) 7 was examined by explanting ganglia onto collagen gels and growing them in the presence of agarose beads impregnated with the different GDNF family ligands. Artemin, GDNF, and neurturin were all capable of influencing neurite outgrowth from dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia, but the responses of each neuron type to the different ligands varied during development. Neurites from dorsal root ganglia responded to artemin at P0 and P7, to GDNF at E15.5 and P0, and to neurturin at E15.5, P0, and P6/7; thus, artemin, GDNF, and neurturin are all capable of influencing neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurites from superior cervical sympathetic ganglia responded significantly to artemin at E15.5, to GDNF at E15.5 and P0, and to neurturin at E15.5. Neurites from lumbar sympathetic ganglia responded to artemin at all stages from E11.5 to P7, to GDNF at P0 and P7 and to neurturin at E11.5 to P6/7. Combined with the data from previous studies that have examined the expression of GDNF family members, our data suggest that artemin plays a role in inducing neurite outgrowth from young sympathetic neurons in the early stages of sympathetic axon pathfinding, whereas GDNF and neurturin are likely to be important at later stages of sympathetic neuron development in inducing axons to enter particular target tissues once they are in the vicinity or to induce branching within target tissues. Superior cervical and lumbar sympathetic ganglia showed temporal differences in their responsiveness to artemin, GDNF, and neurturin, which probably partly reflects the rostrocaudal development of sympathetic ganglia and the tissues they innervate. Developmental Dynamics 227:395,401, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] From fetal neuroblastic nests to adult neuronal glomeruli in human cervical sympathetic gangliaJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 1 2003M. Rusu [source] Potential Structures That Could Be Confused With a Nonrecurrent Inferior Laryngeal Nerve: An Anatomic Study,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 1 2008Eva Maranillo MD Abstract Objectives: Study and detailed description of the large connections between the normally recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (RILN) and the sympathetic trunk (ST) because these may be mistaken for a nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (NRILN). Study Design: Morphologic study of adult human necks. Methods: The necks of 144 human, adult, embalmed cadavers were examined (68 males, 76 females). They had been partially dissected by Cambridge preclinical medical students and then further dissected by the authors using magnification. The RILN, the ST, and their branches were identified and dissected. A total of 277 RILNs and STs (137 rights, 140 lefts) were observed. Results: A communicating branch (CB) with a similar diameter to the RILN occurred between the ST and the RILN in 48 of the 277 (17.3%) dissections, 24 from the 137 (17.5%) right dissections, and 24 from the 140 (17%) left dissections. In 12 cases, the CB was bilateral. The CB arose from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion in 3 of the 48 (6.25%) cases, from the middle ganglion in 10 (21%) cases, from the stellate ganglion in 3 (6.25%) cases, and from the ST in 32 (66.6%) cases. One (0.36%) NRILN associated with a right retro-esophageal subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) was found. Conclusions: 1) The CB between the RILN and the ST may have a diameter and course similar to an NRILN and may be confused with it. 2) The occurrence of the CB is greater than the occurrence referred to in previous studies. 3) The occurrence of the CB is similar by side and sex. 4) The CB may arise at different levels from the cervical ST and ganglia and end in the thyroid area. 5) Other neural elements may also be confused with an RILN, such as the cardiac nerves and the collateral branches from an NRILN to the trachea and esophagus. [source] The ,false' non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerveBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 9 2000M. Rafaelli Background A communication between the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion (MCSG) and the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) has been described. The anastomotic branch (sympathetic,inferior laryngeal anastomotic branch; SILAB) is usually thin, but is sometimes larger and has the same diameter as the ILN. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the frequency of this condition and its implications during neck exploration. Methods From November 1998 to October 1999, 791 neck explorations were performed: 677 for thyroid, 99 for parathyroid and 15 for concomitant lesions. Some 1253 ILNs were dissected: 656 (52·3 per cent) on the right and 597 (47·7 per cent) on the left side. Results The ILN was identified in all cases. On the right side a non-recurrent ILN (NRILN) was found in three patients (0·5 per cent) and a large SILAB in ten (1·5 per cent). No anomalous branch was found on the left side. The SILAB originated from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCSG) in two patients and directly from the sympathetic chain (SC) above the MCSG in eight. No branch originating from the MCSG was found. The SILAB connected with the ILN less than 2 cm from the cricoid in all patients. Conclusion The SILAB may originate not only from the MCSG but also from the SCSG and directly from the SC. When the SILAB is as large as the ILN, it could be mistaken for a NRILN. Before concluding that the anomalous branch is a NRILN, one should check if it originates from the vagus or from the cervical sympathetic system. Awareness of this anatomical condition during neck exploration may help the surgeon to avoid injuries of an ILN running in the usual pathway. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] | ||||||||||