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Cereal Grains (cereal + grain)
Selected AbstractsCarbohydrate,ethanol transition in cereal grains under anoxiaNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2001Lorenzo Guglielminetti Summary ,,Cereal grains differ greatly in their reponses to anaerobiosis. Here, the in vivo conversion of carbohydrates to ethanol and CO2 under anoxia is reported for three cereal grains. ,,The conversion of glucose, fructose or sucrose to ethanol under anaerobic conditions was investigated in rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains; alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) activities were also analysed under aerobic and anaerobic incubation. ,,Our data suggest that rice grains are able to produce ethanol under anoxia for the whole period of anoxic treatment, whereas barley and wheat grains can produce this terminal product of fermentation only during the first days of anaerobiosis. The level of enzymes involved in the fermentation pathway increases strongly under anoxic conditions in all three cereals. ,,Conversion of hexose to CO2 is nearly unaffected by anoxia in wheat, barley and rice, whereas only rice grains are able to degrade and utilize sucrose efficiently under anoxia. By contrast, wheat and barley do not utilize sucrose efficiently under anaerobic conditions. [source] Spring Cereals for Forage and Grain Production in a Cool Maritime ClimateJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003A. G. Todd Abstract Newfoundland's climate is marginal for agricultural production. The availability of locally grown cereal grain and high-quality forage are major limitations to successful animal agriculture in this region. Here, our overall objective was to compare several spring cereal species for both annual forage and grain production in Newfoundland's cool Maritime climate. Several varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.),cereal mixtures for forage yield and quality, as well as grain yield and maturity, were compared in field trials on the east and west coasts in both 1999 and 2000. Barley headed earliest, yielded greatest forage dry matter, had lowest forage protein and acid detergent fibre (ADF) percentages, and had neutral detergent fibre (NDF) mean values greater than those of pea,cereal mixtures, but less than those of oats and wheat. Forage harvested from pea,cereal mixtures was similar to that of barley for yield, ADF and NDF, while P and protein percentage were much greater. Barley matured 10,15 days earlier than both wheat and oats. In general terms, all three spring cereals exhibited similar grain yield potential. Oats tillered less, but compensated by producing more kernels spike,1. Days to maturity for cereal grains in western Newfoundland were roughly similar to those reported for the Maritime provinces of Canada. Yield and maturity results for both forage and grain production suggest that eastern Newfoundland is a unique agro-ecoregion in North America, and agronomic recommendations specific to other regions may not be applicable in this region. [source] Trichothecene Content of Rye and Wheat Genotypes Inoculated with a Deoxynivalenol- and a Nivalenol-producing Isolate of Fusarium culmorumJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Miedaner Head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum may lead to yield reduction and the contamination of cereal grain with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone-X (FUS), and others. In this study, the covariation between DON and NIV accumulation of 12 rye and eight wheat genotypes that differed in resistance were analysed by inoculating them with a DON-and a NIV-producing isolate, respectively, in three locations. The resistance traits head blight rating and plot yield relative to the uninoculated plots of the same genotype were assessed and the contents of DON, 3-ADON, NIV, and FUS in the grain were analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The NIV-producing isolate was significantly (P=0.05) less aggressive and led to a considerably lower mean NIV content in the grain compared with the aggressiveness and mean DON content of the DON-producing isolate (19.5 mg NIV/kg grain versus 48.4 mg DON/kg). Wheat and rye genotypes significantly differed in their DON and NIV accumulation. All genotypes reacted in a similar manner to both chemotypes of F. culmorum for the resistance traits and the respective mycotoxin contents with the exception of one wheat variety, that caused a change in rank order for mycotoxin content. In conclusion, resistance to head blight and tolerance to mycotoxin accumulation seems to be most likely the same for DON- and NIV-producing isolates of F. culmorum. [source] HPLC-PAD-APCI/MS assay of phenylpropanoids in cerealsPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2004Antoine C. Bily Abstract A new, rapid HPLC-PAD-APCI/MS assay has been developed in order to measure accurately the amount of p -coumaric, E - and Z -ferulic acid and the dehydrodimers of ferulic acid in cereal grain. In the positive ionisation mode, MS patterns gave additional information for the identi,cation of the dimers. The time required and the quantities of solvents employed in the developed analytical method are much lower than those involved in previously available assays of these compounds, thus making the method suitable for the screening of cereal genotypes. Application of the method to accessions of maize, wheat and sorghum showed that E -ferulic was the most abundant phenylpropanoid, whilst the major dimer was 8- O -4, dehydrodimer of ferulic acid followed by the 5,5, and then the 8,5, forms. Maize grains, especially of the Mexican landraces, contained the highest levels of these dimers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Spring Cereals for Forage and Grain Production in a Cool Maritime ClimateJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003A. G. Todd Abstract Newfoundland's climate is marginal for agricultural production. The availability of locally grown cereal grain and high-quality forage are major limitations to successful animal agriculture in this region. Here, our overall objective was to compare several spring cereal species for both annual forage and grain production in Newfoundland's cool Maritime climate. Several varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.),cereal mixtures for forage yield and quality, as well as grain yield and maturity, were compared in field trials on the east and west coasts in both 1999 and 2000. Barley headed earliest, yielded greatest forage dry matter, had lowest forage protein and acid detergent fibre (ADF) percentages, and had neutral detergent fibre (NDF) mean values greater than those of pea,cereal mixtures, but less than those of oats and wheat. Forage harvested from pea,cereal mixtures was similar to that of barley for yield, ADF and NDF, while P and protein percentage were much greater. Barley matured 10,15 days earlier than both wheat and oats. In general terms, all three spring cereals exhibited similar grain yield potential. Oats tillered less, but compensated by producing more kernels spike,1. Days to maturity for cereal grains in western Newfoundland were roughly similar to those reported for the Maritime provinces of Canada. Yield and maturity results for both forage and grain production suggest that eastern Newfoundland is a unique agro-ecoregion in North America, and agronomic recommendations specific to other regions may not be applicable in this region. [source] Intestinal function and gut microflora of broiler chickens as influenced by cereal grains and microbial enzyme supplementationJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009M. D. Shakouri Summary A study was conducted to investigate the effect of the key cereal grains and a microbial enzyme supplement on broiler chicken performance, gut microflora and intestinal function. Ingestion of the barley-based diet was associated with low 28-day body weight, decreased feed intake and high FCR. The supplemental enzyme increased feed intake and weight gain of the chickens on a wheat-based diet. The pH of the gizzard and caecal contents varied with the grain type. Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal viscosity, particularly in birds that received the diet based on wheat. The birds on the barley-based diet had lower ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy than those given maize and sorghum-based diets. The ileal digestibility of starch was increased by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation increased the number of total anaerobic bacteria in the gizzard of birds fed on sorghum and increased lactobacilli in the gizzard of those fed both sorghum and wheat. The birds fed the sorghum-based diet had the lowest counts of caecal total anaerobic bacteria and lactobacilli. Jejunal villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds fed the barley-based diet were the lowest when compared with those fed the other diets. Enzyme application induced an increase in villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds on wheat, crypt depth on barley and a reduction in crypt depth of chickens on the sorghum-based diets. The highest activity of maltase and the lowest activity of sucrase were observed in tissue from birds fed on maize and sorghum-based diets respectively. The differences in the performance of broilers on cereal grains could be explained by changes in intestinal morphology, enzyme activities and gut microflora as well as nutrient digestibility. The improved performance by supplemental enzyme in wheat-fed chickens was associated with beneficial changes in intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity. [source] Evaluation of the fermentability of oat fractions obtained by debranning using lactic acid bacteriaJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2008G. Kedia Abstract Aims:, The overall kinetics of the fermentation of four oat fractions obtained by debranning using three potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria were investigated. The main objective was to study the suitability of these fractions as fermentation media for the growth and the metabolic production of bacteria isolated from human intestine. Methods and Results:, The cell growth, lactic acid production and substrate uptakes of the three lactobacilli was monitored for 30 h. An unstructured mathematical model was used to describe and fit the experimental data. In the medium from fraction B (1,3% pearlings or ,-glucan-rich fraction) all strains reached the highest cell populations, maximum growth rates and maximum lactic acid productions. This could be because of the high levels of total fibre and ,-glucan of this fraction. Limited growth and lactic acid formation was found in medium A (0,1% pearlings or bran-rich fraction). Conclusions:, Medium B (1,3% pearling fraction) is the most suitable for fermentation and produces considerably higher probiotic cell concentrations. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Debranning technology could be used to separate fractions from cereal grains for the production of functional formulations with higher probiotic levels than the ones that were obtained with the whole grain. [source] Selection and Use of Postharvest Technologies as a Component of the Food ChainJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2004MALCOLM C. BOURNE ABSTRACT: Postharvest technologies refer to the stabilization and storage of unprocessed or minimally processed foods from the time of harvest until final preparation for human consumption. There is a special emphasis on seasonal crops, and simple, labor-intensive, capital-sparing technologies suitable for developing countries where food spoilage rates are high and malnutrition is prevalent. The first step is to determine the major spoilage vectors for each type of food and then identify a technology that will control that vector. For cereal grains the major spoilage vectors are mold, insects, rodents, and other vertebrate pests. Mold is controlled by prompt and adequate drying to a water activity below 0.7. Insects are controlled by good housekeeping, and use of insecticides and fumigants. Rodents are controlled by baits, traps, fumigants, and rodent-proof storage structures. For fruits, vegetables, roots, and tubers the main spoilage vectors are bruising, rotting, senescence, and wilting. Bruising is avoided by careful handling and use of shock-resistant packaging. Rotting is controlled by good housekeeping, gentle handling to avoid breaking the skin, cool storage, and use of preservatives. Senescence is retarded by cold storage or controlled-atmosphere storage. Wilting is controlled by high humidity and cold storage. Growth of microbes is the major spoilage of fish and other foods of animal origin. This is controlled by refrigerated or frozen storage, drying, freezing, or canning. Most spoilage vectors accelerate as the temperature and humidity increase; this makes it more difficult to control spoilage in tropical than in temperate regions. [source] Evaluation of alternative cereal sources in dog diets: effect on nutrient utilisation and hindgut fermentation characteristicsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 13 2009Kumar B Kore Abstract BACKGROUND: Rice is one of the most commonly used cereal grains in pet foods. However, other cereals such as pearl millet, sorghum and maize have good amino acid profiles and could be used as alternatives to rice in the diet of dogs, thus sparing rice for human consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional worth of these cereals for pet dogs. RESULTS: Eight adult Spitz dogs (age ,10 months, average body weight 6.14 ± 0.58 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design to compare the effects of dietary inclusion of four cereals, namely rice, maize, pearl millet and sorghum, on digestibility and hindgut fermentation characteristics. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced when rice was replaced by the alternative cereals. Additionally, the digestibilities of protein, fat and total dietary fibre decreased (P < 0.01) in dogs fed the pearl millet-based diet. The DM voided in faeces increased (P < 0.05) when rice was replaced by the alternative cereals. Faecal ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.05) on the rice-based diet, while faecal lactate concentration was reduced (P < 0.01) on the pearl millet- and sorghum-based diets. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that maize, pearl millet and sorghum are not as effectively utilised as rice as cereal source in the diet of dogs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Zinc bioavailability in wheat grain in relation to phosphorus fertiliser, crop sequence and mycorrhizal fungiJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 7 2008Megan H Ryan Abstract BACKGROUND: While human diets are often deficient in zinc (Zn), the impacts of crop management on Zn in cereal grains are rarely examined. In this study the effect of phosphorus (P) fertiliser and crop sequence (wheat following canola, linola, fallow or pasture) on wheat grain Zn concentration and bioavailability for humans was investigated. RESULTS: The Zn concentration of wheat grain decreased by 33,39% in response to P fertiliser. It was also 30,40% lower for crops following canola and fallow than for those following linola and pasture. P fertiliser decreased the colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wheat roots, and canola and fallow led to lower colonisation than linola and pasture. Since AMF are known to assist in soil uptake of immobile nutrients such as Zn, it is hypothesised that P fertiliser and crop sequence affected grain Zn concentration through AMF. P fertiliser also increased the concentrations of grain P by 17% and grain phytic acid (PA) by 19%, but had little effect on the concentrations of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and polyphenols. Other impacts of crop sequence were slightly higher concentrations in grain of P after pasture and Fe after canola. The bioavailability of grain Zn, as shown by the PA:Zn and Ca × PA:Zn molar ratios, mostly reflected Zn concentration and was low in all treatments. After milling, the PA:Zn molar ratio suggested low Zn bioavailability for flour from wheat grown with P fertiliser after canola or fallow. CONCLUSION: Crop management can affect the bioavailability of Zn in wheat grain, with practices leading to high yields potentially leading to low Zn bioavailability. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate impact of Trichoderma on trichothecene mycotoxin production by Fusarium speciesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 3 2008Maciej Busko Abstract BACKGROUND:Fusarium head blight of wheat is a destructive disease in various wheat-growing regions and leads to significant yield losses for farmers and to contamination of cereal grains with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol and its derivatives. Toxigenic Fusarium species sporulate on cereal crop residues and produce significant inoculum for epidemics. Reduction of mycotoxin production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungal antagonists. RESULTS:Trichoderma isolates were examined in dual culture bioassays on rice with two isolates of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and two isolates of Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Saccardo, belonging to three different chemotypes. Production of five trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15AcDON), nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenone X (FUS), was reduced by over 95%. Two Trichoderma isolates partially reduced the amounts of four metabolites when inoculated on autoclaved cultures of the same four Fusarium isolates. However, in the case of the 15AcDON chemotype of F. culmorum culture the content of DON increased and that of 15AcDON decreased. Isolates of Trichoderma varied in their ability to inhibit production of the five trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium. Susceptibility of the four Fusarium isolates to antagonistic activity of the same Trichoderma isolate differed significantly. CONCLUSION: Selected non-toxigenic Trichoderma isolates proved to be useful biocontrol agents against toxigenic Fusarium pathogens of wheat, significantly reducing production of the trichothecene mycotoxins DON, NIV and their acetylated derivatives. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Comparison of sheep and red deer rumen fluids for assessing nutritive value of ruminant feedstuffsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2005Gonzalo Hervás Abstract Four forages (alfalfa hay, barley straw, maize silage and beet pulp), four cereal grains (barley, maize, sorghum and wheat) and four shrubs (Calluna vulgaris, Erica australis, Cytisus cantabricus and Genista occidentalis) were incubated using rumen fluids from sheep and red deer, to examine differences in in vitro fermentation rates and ruminal parameters. For the forages and cereal grains, results suggest few differences between species in parameters related to gas production, rates of fermentation, organic matter disappearance and extent of degradation. Deer showed slightly better results for shrubs than sheep did. Disappearance of neutral detergent fibre was generally greater when the rumen fluid was derived from red deer (P < 0.05). On the other hand, ammonia-N concentration and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were higher in sheep (P < 0.05). Molar proportions of the major VFAs showed significant differences (P < 0.05) associated with the species of the inoculum donor and suggest that fermentation pathways might have been more efficient in red deer. The estimated amount of methane was higher in sheep, regardless of the substrate incubated (P < 0.001). The results indicate that although the sheep could be valid as a model to assess the nutritive value of good quality feedstuffs for red deer, it would fail to offer reliable information on non-conventional, low-quality feeds such as shrubs. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Carbohydrate,ethanol transition in cereal grains under anoxiaNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2001Lorenzo Guglielminetti Summary ,,Cereal grains differ greatly in their reponses to anaerobiosis. Here, the in vivo conversion of carbohydrates to ethanol and CO2 under anoxia is reported for three cereal grains. ,,The conversion of glucose, fructose or sucrose to ethanol under anaerobic conditions was investigated in rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains; alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) activities were also analysed under aerobic and anaerobic incubation. ,,Our data suggest that rice grains are able to produce ethanol under anoxia for the whole period of anoxic treatment, whereas barley and wheat grains can produce this terminal product of fermentation only during the first days of anaerobiosis. The level of enzymes involved in the fermentation pathway increases strongly under anoxic conditions in all three cereals. ,,Conversion of hexose to CO2 is nearly unaffected by anoxia in wheat, barley and rice, whereas only rice grains are able to degrade and utilize sucrose efficiently under anoxia. By contrast, wheat and barley do not utilize sucrose efficiently under anaerobic conditions. [source] Neural tube defect rates before and after food fortification with folic acid,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 11 2004James L. Mills Abstract BACKGROUND Since 1998, enriched cereal grains sold in the United States have been fortified with folic acid, to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently reported that NTD rates have decreased 26% since fortification, but that additional effort is needed to achieve the national goal of a 50% reduction. However, accurate determination of NTD rates requires counting antenatally detected cases; the CDC study noted that the number of prenatally diagnosed cases was likely underestimated. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined studies from the United States and Canada that compared rates of NTDs before and after very similar fortification programs were instituted in each country. U.S. studies had incomplete ascertainment of prenatally diagnosed NTD cases, and as a result, underreported the number of NTDs prevented. Canadian studies, in which ascertainment was more complete, showed decreases in NTD rates up to 54%. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong correlation between the completeness of ascertainment and the percentage decrease in NTD rates. Studies that identify cases best show that folic acid fortification is preventing around 50% of NTDs. The percentage of NTDs that are folate-preventable in the United States is uncertain, but is probably 50,60%. Thus, we may be quite close to achieving the optimum level of protection at current fortification levels. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||