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Catalyzed Oxidation (catalyzed + oxidation)
Selected AbstractsUncatalyzed and ruthenium(III)-catalyzed reaction of acidic chlorite with methylene violetINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 7 2003S. B. Jonnalagadda The kinetics and mechanism of the uncatalyzed and Ru(III)-catalyzed oxidation of methylene violet (3-amino-7-diethylamino-5-phenyl phenazinium chloride) (MV+) by acidic chlorite is reported. With excess concentrations of other reactants, both uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions had pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to MV+. The uncatalyzed reaction had first-order dependence on chlorite and H+ concentrations, but the catalyzed reaction had first-order dependence on both chlorite and catalyst, and a fractional order with respect to [H+]. The rate coefficient of the uncatalyzed reaction is (5.72 ± 0.19) M,2 s,1, while the catalytic constant for the catalyzed reaction is (22.4 ± 0.3) × 103 M,1 s,1. The basic stoichiometric equation is as follows: 2MV+ + 7ClO2, + 2H+ = 2P + CH3COOH + 4ClO2 + 3Cl,, where P+ = 3-amino-7-ethylamino-5-phenyl phenazinium-10-N-oxide. Stoichiometry is dependent on the initial concentration of chlorite present. Consistent with the experimental results, pertinent mechanisms are proposed. The proposed 15-step mechanism is simulated using literature; experimental and estimated rate coefficients and the simulated plots agreed well with the experimental curves. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 294,303, 2003 [source] Kinetic study of the ruthenium(VI)-catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohol by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 7 2002A. E. Mucientes The kinetics of the Ru(VI)-catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohol by hexacyanoferrate(III), in an alkaline medium, has been studied using a spectrophotometric technique. The initial rates method was used for the kinetic analysis. The reaction is first order in [Ru(VI)], while the order changes from one to zero for both hexacyanoferrate(III) and benzyl alcohol upon increasing their concentrations. The rate data suggest a reaction mechanism based on a catalytic cycle in which ruthenate oxidizes the substrate through formation of an intermediate complex. This complex decomposes in a reversible step to produce ruthenium(IV), which is reoxidized by hexacyanoferrate(III) in a slow step. The theoretical rate law obtained is in complete agreement with all the experimental observations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 421,429, 2002 [source] A New Regeneration System for Oxidized Nicotinamide CofactorsADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2009Seda Aksu Abstract A novel regeneration system for oxidized nicotinamide cofactors (NAD+ and NADP+) is presented. By combining 2,2,-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)-catalyzed oxidation of NAD(P)H with laccase-catalyzed utilization of molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant, a simple chemo-enzymatic NAD(P)+ regeneration method is achieved. Thus, the advantages of both worlds, chemical oxidation of reduced nicotinamide cofactors and laccase-catalyzed utilization of oxygen from air are combined in a simple and generally applicable new approach for biooxidation catalysis. This new application of the well-known laccase-mediator system (LMS) is successfully used to promote alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation reactions of primary and secondary alcohols. Already under non-optimized conditions, high turnover numbers of >300 and >16000 were obtained for the nicotinamide cofactor and ABTS, respectively. In this communication, we present the proof-of-principle and initial characterization of the proposed new regeneration system. [source] Improvement of the catalytic performance of lignin peroxidase in reversed micellesJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Jing Lan Abstract BACKGROUND: Anionic surfactant sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) had an inhibiting effect on lignin peroxidase (LiP). To improve the catalytic activity of LiP in an AOT reversed micelle in isooctane, nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij30) was incorporated into the interfacial membrane. H2O2 played dual roles in the LiP-catalyzed oxidation of substrates. To obtain a sustainable high activity of LiP, a coupled enzymatic reaction, i.e. the glucose oxidase (GOD)-catalyzed oxidation of glucose was used as an H2O2 source. RESULTS: Owing to modification of the charge density of the interfacial membrane, the activity of LiP in an optimized AOT/Brij30 reversed micellar medium (,B (the molar percentage of Brij30) = 0.53, ,0 ([H2O]/([AOT] + [Brij30]) = 23, pH = 4.8) was 40 times that in a single AOT reversed micelle. Due to the controlled release of H2O2, the concentration of H2O2 in the mixed reversed micellar medium was maintained at a moderately high level throughout, which made the LiP-catalyzed oxidation of substrates proceed at a higher conversion rate than counterparts in which H2O2 was supplied externally in one batch at the beginning of the reaction. Decolourization of two waterless-soluble aromatic dyes (pyrogallol red and bromopyrogallol red) using LiP coupled with GOD in the medium also demonstrated that a higher decolourization percentage was obtained if H2O2 was supplied enzymatically. CONCLUSION: The proposed measures (both physicochemical and biochemical) were very effective, giving significant improvement in the catalytic performance of LiP in a single AOT reversed micelle in isooctane, which helped to degrade or transform hydrophobic aromatic compounds with LiP in reversed micelles more efficiently. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Browning Prevention by Ascorbic Acid and 4-Hexylresorcinol: Different Mechanisms of Action on Polyphenol Oxidase in the Presence and in the Absence of SubstratesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2007E. Arias ABSTRACT:, We have investigated the mechanism of action of 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) and ascorbic acid (AA) on the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzed oxidation of phenolic substrates. Incubation of PPO with 4-HR diminishes strongly PPO activity. This effect can be erroneously interpreted, due to the high affinity of 4-HR for PPO, as irreversible inactivation of PPO. However, PPO activity can be recovered by dialysis after incubation with 4-HR. 4-hexylresorcinol is a canonical enzyme inhibitor that binds preferentially to the oxy form of PPO. It is a mixed-type inhibitor, because it influences both apparent Vmax (1.26 compared with 0.4 units in the absence and presence of 4-HR, respectively) and Km values (0.28 mM compared with 0.97 mM in the absence and in the presence of 4-HR, respectively) of PPO. AA can prevent browning by 2 different mechanisms: In the absence of PPO substrates it inactivates PPO irreversibly, probably through binding to its active site, preferentially in its oxy form. In the presence of PPO substrates, AA reduces PPO oxidized reaction products, which results in a lag phase when measuring PPO activity by monitoring dark product formation but not when monitoring O2 consumption. The simultaneous use of both 4-HR and AA on PPO results in additive prevention of browning. [source] Olefin Epoxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Lacunary Polyoxometalate [,-SiW10O34(H2O)2]4,CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Keigo Kamata Abstract The tetra- n -butylammonium (TBA) salt of the divacant Keggin-type polyoxometalate [TBA]4[,-SiW10O34(H2O)2] (I) catalyzes the oxygen-transfer reactions of olefins, allylic alcohols, and sulfides with 30,% aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The negative Hammett ,+ (,0.99) for the competitive oxidation of p -substituted styrenes and the low value of (nucleophilic oxidation)/(total oxidation), XSO=0.04, for I -catalyzed oxidation of thianthrene 5-oxide (SSO) reveals that a strongly electrophilic oxidant species is formed on I. The preferential formation of trans -epoxide during epoxidation of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene demonstrates the steric constraints of the active site of I. The I -catalyzed epoxidation proceeds with an induction period that disappears upon treatment of I with hydrogen peroxide. 29Si and 183W,NMR spectroscopy and CSI mass spectrometry show that reaction of I with excess hydrogen peroxide leads to fast formation of a diperoxo species, [TBA]4[,-SiW10O32(O2)2] (II), with retention of a ,-Keggin type structure. Whereas the isolated compound II is inactive for stoichiometric epoxidation of cyclooctene, epoxidation with II does proceed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction of II with hydrogen peroxide would form a reactive species (III), and this step corresponds to the induction period observed in the catalytic epoxidation. The steric and electronic characters of III are the same as those for the catalytic epoxidation by I. Kinetic, spectroscopic, and mechanistic investigations show that the present epoxidation proceeds via III. [source] Homogeneous [RuIII(Me3tacn)Cl3]-Catalyzed Alkene cis -Dihydroxylation with Aqueous Hydrogen PeroxideCHEMISTRY - AN ASIAN JOURNAL, Issue 1 2008Wing-Ping Yip Dr. Abstract A simple and green method that uses [Ru(Me3tacn)Cl3] (1; Me3tacn=N,N,,N,,-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) as catalyst, aqueous H2O2 as the terminal oxidant, and Al2O3 and NaCl as additives is effective in the cis -dihydroxylation of alkenes in aqueous tert -butanol. Unfunctionalized alkenes, including cycloalkenes, aliphatic alkenes, and styrenes (14 examples) were selectively oxidized to their corresponding cis -diols in good to excellent yield (70,96,%) based on substrate conversions of up to 100,%. The preparation of cis -1,2-cycloheptanediol (119,g, 91,% yield) and cis -1,2-cyclooctanediol (128,g, 92,% yield) from cycloheptene and cyclooctene, respectively, on the 1-mol scale can be achieved by scaling up the reaction without modification. Results from Hammett correlation studies on the competitive oxidation of para -substituted styrenes (,=,0.97, R=0.988) and the detection of the cycloadduct [(Me3tacn)ClRuHO2(C8H14)]+ by ESI-MS for the 1 -catalyzed oxidation of cyclooctene to cis -1,2-cyclooctanediol are similar to those of the stoichiometric oxidation of alkenes by cis -[(Me3tacn)(CF3CO2)RuVIO2]+ through [3+2] cycloaddition (W.-P. Yip, W.-Y. Yu, N. Zhu, C.-M. Che, J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005, 127, 14239). [source] | ||||||||||