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Absolute Ethanol (absolute + ethanol)
Selected AbstractsSiO2 -CaO Vitreous Films Deposited onto Ti6Al4V SubstratesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2003Isabel Izquierdo-Barba Abstract A sol-gel dipping method has been utilised to deposit SiO2 -CaO films onto Ti6Al4V alloy substrates. These layers were prepared by the dip-coating technique from a series of precursor solutions with different concentrations of glassy xSiO2 -(1 , x)CaO (x = 0.8 mol) diluted with absolute ethanol. The characterisation of the films by a variety of techniques reveals differences in the textural properties and in the films' thicknesses depending on the sol concentration in the precursor solution. Concentrated precursor solutions yield porous layers with a higher thickness and surface roughness than those obtained from the dilute ones. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Dentine sealing provided by smear layer/smear plugs vs. adhesive resins/resin tagsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2007Marcela R. Carrilho The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of five experimental resins, which ranged from hydrophobic to hydrophilic blends, to seal acid-etched dentine saturated with water or ethanol. The experimental resins (R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5) were evaluated as neat bonding agents (100% resin) or as solutions solvated with absolute ethanol (70% resin/30% ethanol). Fluid conductance was measured at 20 cm H2O hydrostatic pressure after sound dentine surfaces were: (i) covered with a smear layer; (ii) acid-etched; or (iii) bonded with neat or solvated resins, which were applied to acid-etched dentine saturated with water or ethanol. In general, the fluid conductance of resin-bonded dentine was significantly higher than that of smear layer-covered dentine. However, when the most hydrophobic neat resins (R1 and R2) were applied to acid-etched dentine saturated with ethanol, the fluid conductance was as low as that produced by smear layers. The fluid conductance of resin-bonded dentine saturated with ethanol was significantly lower than for resin bonded to water-saturated dentine, except for resin R4. Application of more hydrophobic resins may provide better sealing of acid-etched dentine if the substrate is saturated with ethanol instead of with water. [source] ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES AND MODELING OF GEVUINA AVELLANA OIL EXTRACTION WITH ETHANOL NEAR AZEOTROPE CONDITIONSJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009DANIEL FRANCO ABSTRACT Oil extraction from Gevuina avellana Mol. (Chilean hazelnut) with ethanol, near the conditions of its azeotrope with water, was carried out in this work. The effects of solubility, liquid-to-solid ratio and moisture content of ethanol were studied using 92% ethanol, azeotropic (96%) and absolute ethanol (99.9%) as solvents. Water content had a high effect on oil solubility, which reached 140 g/L in 99.9% ethanol, whereas it was 40 g/L with azeotropic ethanol. Oil accounted for 93% of total extractable compounds with absolute ethanol. Kinetics studies of the extraction process were performed at 50C, giving as a result apparent diffusivity values near 10,11 m2/s, being the highest values obtained for ethanol 92% (7.5,16 × 10,11). It was also found that the higher the liquid-to-solid ratio, the higher the diffusivity. Simulation of four-stage countercurrent extraction with azeotropic ethanol yielded 23.5% oil extraction, whereas simulation of four-stage cross-flow extraction yielded 40.7%. Ethanol can be an alternative to batch cold pressing or hexane solvent extraction, for G. savellana seeds or meal processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results presented in this paper are applicable for obtaining oil from oilseeds by extraction with ethanol. It includes relevant results for the optimization of extraction conditions and particularly those regarding liquid-to-solid ratio and percentage of water. Considering the more specific focus of this research, the results are applicable to obtaining Gevuina avellana oil by using an ethanol-based process, which will allow to avoid one of the cold-pressing process drawbacks: the high oil content of the meal, which is a factor limiting its lifetime. [source] Preliminary study of chemical bile duct embolization to treat hepatolithiasis in rabbitsJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Fu Yu Li Abstract Background:, The high recurrence rate of hepatolithiasis is still a problem to be solved. The purpose of the present study was therefore to carry out a preliminary study of the practical value of chemical bile duct embolization (CBDE) to treat hepatolithiasis in rabbits. Methods:, Chemical bile duct embolization was performed with phenol or absolute ethanol along with N -butyl-cyanoacrylate. The feasibility and effectiveness of CBDE for chemical hepatectomy was assessed by investigating histological changes, biochemistry for hydroxyproline and in situ hybridization for collagen I. Results:, Histologically, the mucosal epithelia of the embolized bile ducts were entirely replaced by collagen fibers, thus effectively eradicating chronic proliferative cholangitis. Also of note, the diseased biliary duct lumens were completely filled with N -butyl-cyanoacrylate, thus effectively preventing calculus formation. The hepatocytes also disappeared completely in the periphery of the embolized lobe, demonstrating that the desired effects of chemical hepatectomy were achieved through CBDE. In a further comparison of embolizing agents, the phenol-cyanoacrylate embolized livers and bile ducts had a higher level of hydroxyproline and collagen I than those embolized with ethanol plus cyanoacrylate. Conclusion:, Chemical bile duct embolization is a promising approach to prevent the recurrence of hepatolithiasis and to achieve the effect of chemical hepatectomy. [source] Synthesis of 1-(substituted phenylcarbonyl/sulfonylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-5-carboxylic acid diethylamides as potential anti-inflammatory agentsJOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2006Madhavi Gangapuram Fifteen novel 1-(substituted phenylcarbonyl/sulfonylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- pyridine-5-carboxylic acid diethylamide (7, 15) were synthesized in fair to good yields via sodium borohydride reduction of the corresponding 1-(substituted phenylcarbonyl/ sulfonylimino)-3-diethylcarbamoyl pyridinium ylides (6, 14) in absolute ethanol. [source] Reaction of 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine and 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine with 3-dimethylaminopropiophenones.JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 20003-dihydropyrimido[, 4]diazepines, 5- b][, Synthesis of new 4-aryl- Several new 6-amino- and 6,8-diamino-4-aryl-2,3-dihydropyrimido[4,5- b][1,4]diazepines were obtained from the reaction of 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine 1a and 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine 1b with one equivalent of 3-dimethylaminopropiophenones 2 in absolute ethanol. Structure analysis of 6-amino- and 6,8-diamino-4-aryl-2,3-dihydropyrimido[4,5- b][1,4]diazepines 3a-i, determined by detailed nmr measurements, reveals a high regioselectivity of this reaction. [source] Synthesis of tritium- and deuterium-labeled budesonideJOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Issue 1 2008Bachir Latli Abstract Tritium-labeled budesonide was prepared by the selective reduction of a double bond in the butenylenedioxy side chain using carrier-free tritium and palladium on carbon as a catalyst in absolute ethanol. Although the reduction gave a mixture of the desired product and the expected byproducts resulting from over reduction of the other double bonds in ring A, the desired tritium-labeled budesonide was easily isolated by reverse phase HPLC and with specific activity of 54,Ci/mmol. [D8]-budesonide was prepared from 16,-hydroxyprednisolone and D8 -butyraldehyde in 1,4-dioxane in the presence of perchloric acid. The isotopic enrichment was found to be more than 99,atom% D. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Synthesis and radioiodination of 7-(3,-ammoniopropyl)-7,8-dicarba- nido -undecaborate(-1), (ANC)JOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Issue 9 2004Senait Ghirmai Abstract Derivatives of nido -carborate have potential use in tumour targeting as hydrophilic boron-rich compounds for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and as pendant groups for attachment of radiohalogens to tumour-seeking molecules. For this purpose, functionalized derivatives of nido -carborates that can be conjugated to biomolecules should be synthesized and evaluated. In this study, racemic 1, 7-(3,-ammoniopropyl)-7,8-dicarba- nido -undecaborate(-1) (acronym ANC) was obtained by degradation of the corresponding aminopropyl- o -carborane, which was synthesized in three steps from 1- tert -butyldimethylsilyl-2-(3-bromopropyl)- o -carborane, with sodium hydroxide in absolute ethanol. The racemate 1 was radioiodinated (125I) using the Chloramine-T method. Radio-TLC results showed that radiolabelling with 125I was achieved in a yield greater than 95%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The effect of water to ethanol feed ratio on physical properties and aerosolization behavior of spray dried cromolyn sodium particlesJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2005Kambiz Gilani Abstract Cromolyn sodium (CS) was spray dried under constant operation conditions from different water to ethanol feed ratios (50:50,0:100). The spray dried CS samples were characterized for their physicochemical properties including crystallinity, particle size distribution, morphology, density, and water/ethanol content. To determine quantitatively the crystallinity of the powders, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was developed using samples with different crystallinity prepared by physical mixing of 100% amorphous and 100% crystalline CS materials. The aerodynamic behavior of the CS samples was determined using an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) with a Spinhaler® at an air flow of 60 L/min. Binary mixtures of each spray dried CS powder and Pharmatose® 325, a commercial ,-lactose monohydrate available for DPI formulations, were prepared and in vitro aerosol deposition of the drug from the mixtures was analyzed using ACI to evaluate the effect of carrier on deposition profiles of the spray dried samples. CS spray dried from absolute ethanol exhibited XRD pattern characteristic for crystalline materials and different from patterns of the other samples. The crystallinity of spray dried CS obtained in the presence of water varied from 0% to 28.37%, depending on the ratio of water to ethanol in the feed suspensions. All samples presented different particle size, water/ethanol content, and bulk density values. CS particles spray dried from absolute ethanol presented uniform elongated shape whereas the other samples consisted mainly of particles with irregular shape. Overall, fine particle fraction increased significantly (p,<,0.01) with decreasing d50% and water and ethanol content of spray dried CS samples. Significant difference (p,<,0.01) in deposition profiles of the drug were observed between corresponding carrier free and carrier blended formulations. The difference in deposition profiles of CS aerosolized from various spray dried samples were described according to the particle size, shape, and water/ethanol contents of the powders. The results of this study indicate that enhanced aerosol performance of CS can be obtained by spray drying of the drug from suspensions containing ,87.5% v/v ethanol. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 94:1048,1059, 2005 [source] Effectiveness of Structured Questionnaires for Screening Heavy Drinking in Middle-Aged WomenALCOHOLISM, Issue 11 2006Mauri Aalto Background: There is a need for an effective and feasible alcohol screening instrument. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the abbreviated versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire perform in comparison with the original AUDIT and what the optimal cutoffs are when screening for heavy drinking among women. Methods: All the 40-year-old women in the city of Tampere, Finland, are invited yearly for a health screening. From 1 year, data from 894 women (response rate 68.2%) invited for a health screening were utilized in the study. The original 10-item AUDIT, AUDIT-C, Five Shot, AUDIT-PC, AUDIT-3, AUDIT-QF, and CAGE were evaluated against the Timeline Followback. Consumption of at least 140 g of absolute ethanol per week on average during the past month was considered heavy drinking. Results: In the Timeline Followback, the mean±SD weekly reported alcohol consumption was 45±67 g (range 0,936 g) of absolute ethanol. Of the women, 6.2% (55/894) were heavy drinkers. The optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity was reached for the AUDIT with cutoff ,6, for the AUDIT-C with cutoff ,5, for the Five Shot with cutoff ,2.0, for the AUDIT-PC with cutoff ,4, and for the AUDIT-QF with cutoff ,4. When choosing the optimal cutoffs, the AUDIT-C, the Five Shot, the AUDIT-PC, and the AUDIT-QF performed as well as the 10-item AUDIT. With these cutoffs, sensitivities were 0.84 to 0.93 and specificities were 0.83 to 0.90. The AUDIT-3 and the CAGE did not perform as well as the other questionnaires. Conclusions: The 10-item AUDIT, AUDIT-C, Five Shot, AUDIT-PC, and AUDIT-QF seem to be equally effective tools in screening for heavy drinking among middle-aged women. However, their applicability is achieved only if the cutoffs are tailored according to gender. [source] Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of a New Series of 3-[3-(Substituted Phenyl)-1-Isonicotinoyl-1H -Pyrazol-5-yl]-2H -Chromen-2-one DerivativesARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE, Issue 6 2009Prashant Aragade Abstract A novel series of 3-[3-(substituted phenyl)-1-isonicotinoyl-1H -pyrazol-5-yl]-2H -chromen-2-one derivatives 4a,k have been synthesized by the reaction of 3-[2,3-dibromo-3-(substituted phenyl) propanoyl]-2H -chromen-2-one 3a,k and isonicotinic acid hydrazide in the presence of triethylamine in absolute ethanol, characterized by spectral data and screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among the series, compounds 4e, 4i, and 4k displayed an encouraging antibacterial activity profile as compared to the reference drug ampicillin against tested bacterial strains. [source] Diffusion properties of transurethral intraprostatic injectionBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2004Mark K. Plante OBJECTIVES To evaluate the location and extent of diffusion that occurs when liquid is injected transurethrally into the prostate gland, by correlating real-time fluoroscopy and gross pathology, and to quantify the variables that influence intraprostatic diffusion during chemoablation of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS A solution of diatrizoate meglumine (HypaqueTM, Nycomed, Princeton, NJ) gentamicin and methylene-blue dye (HGM) was injected transurethrally into the prostate in six dogs, using a passive-deflection needle injection system. The intraprostatic diffusion characteristics were evaluated during each injection using real-time C-arm fluoroscopy, and following each injection by gross examination of methylene blue staining within the prostatic tissues. HGM back-flow into the urethra at the time of injection was assessed by measuring gentamicin levels in the collected bladder irrigant after each injection, using a standard dilution formula. RESULTS There was variability in the intraprostatic diffusion both fluoroscopically and grossly. The needle occasionally assumed a straighter trajectory than its intended curve. Intraprostatic diffusion was detected in 12 of 36 injections (33%). Using standard manipulations of various devices increased the intraprostatic diffusion in these injections to almost 80%. There was less intraprostatic diffusion when the injection resistance was either extremely high or absent. There was no extraprostatic extravasation of HGM beyond the prostatic capsule. CONCLUSION Current methods of transurethral intraprostatic injection are variable for both the diffusion of HGM solution and in needle deployment. The gross diffusion patterns with the HGM solution were consistent with the diffusion patterns documented in our previous research using absolute ethanol. These and other factors may partly explain the variability of the lesions produced with ethanol injection. Therefore, more research is needed to further elucidate the diffusion characteristics of solutions injected intraprostatically using the transurethral approach. [source] | |||||||||||||