JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5 2008
I. CHOI
ABSTRACT A mutant rice Goami2, a cultivar high in nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs), was extrusion-cooked at feed moisture (20, 25%), screw speed (200, 300 rpm) and barrel temperature (110, 120 and 130C). Effects of extrusion conditions on the physical and functional properties were investigated. NDCs were determined by total dietary fiber (TDF) and resistant starch (RS) contents. Increasing moisture resulted in an increment of density, water absorption index (WAI) and hardness, and a decrement in expansion and water solubility index (WSI). A higher barrel temperature decreased the hardness and increased the WSI probably due to a higher proportion of gelatinized starch. Extrusion caused a reduction in TDF in the extrudates, as well as a significant decrease in RS contents. However, extrudates processed at moisture (%), screw speed (rpm) and barrel temperature (C) combinations of 25/200/110 and 25/200/120 showed no significant difference in TDF contents compared with its raw rice. Multiple regression models showed that feed moisture had the most pronounced effect on extrudate qualities, followed by barrel temperature and screw speed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Rice, being one of the primary dietary sources of carbohydrates worldwide, is the major energy and nutritional sources. In recent years, demands have been increasing for rice with a wide range of value-added properties, such as enhanced nutrient, aroma, color and rice kernel shape, including functional properties. Goami2 is a mutant rice of Ilpumbyeo, a high japonica rice cultivar, and has been revealed to have higher nondigestible fractions. However, Goami2 rice has unsuitable properties for traditional cooking because of the difficulty of gelatinization, which might result in a hard texture of cooked rice compared with that of ordinary rice. On the basis of its nutritional and functional benefits, exploiting the possible utilization of Goami2 for processed food products would increase the potential consumption of Goami2 for various food products. [source]

Carbohydrate-Based VEGF Inhibitors

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 36 2007
Tobias Haag
Abstract Cyclic peptide,carbohydrates (compounds 1a,c, 2, 33, 34) were designed and synthesized to act as mimetics of loop 2 of the proangiogenic molecule vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D). The mimetics were designed to inhibit dimerization of the receptors (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3) by VEGF-D, and thus have the potential to inhibit angiogenesis. To this end, in the previously described cyclic octapeptide CNEESLIC and the cyclic nonapeptide CGNEESLIC inhibitors derived from VEGF-D loop 2, the NEES tetrapeptide residue was replaced by a carbohydrate scaffold having the amino acid side chain mimics in positions proposed by modeling studies. Attachment of the additional amino acids using the Fmoc technology, then formation of the cyclic disulfides, and finally total deprotection afforded the target molecules of which 2 and 34 showed an ability to inhibit the biological activity of VEGF-D through VEGFR-2 in cell-based assays, albeit at high mimetic concentration.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source]

Direct Preparation of N-Glycosidic Bond-Linked Nonionic Carbohydrate-Based Surfactant (NICBS) via Ritter Reaction,

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 14 2007
Zerong Daniel Wang
Abstract The Ritter reaction has been successfully extended to the direct preparation of N-glycosidic bond-linked nonionic carbohydrate-based surfactants from carbohydrates and nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and silver perchlorate (AgClO4) on a high-speed mechanical shaker. The new surfactant molecules have the features of low toxicity, environmental compatibility and biodegradability. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source]

The functional properties of popped, flaked, extruded and roller-dried foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2004
Singh R. Ushakumari
Summary Foxtail millet grains were decorticated in rice-milling machinery and the decorticated millet was processed to prepare flaked, extrusion cooked and roller-dried products, whereas the native grains were subjected to high-temperature, short-time treatment to prepare popped millet. The nutrient composition and some of the functional properties of the products were determined, principally solubility and swelling power in water, oil absorption capacity and pasting characteristics. Carbohydrate and lipid profiles of the products were also studied. The changes in the starch granular structure caused by heat treatment were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The degree of starch gelatinization was highest in the case of roller-dried millet followed by popped, flaked and extruded products. It was concluded that the cereal processing technologies that were investigated could be successfully applied to foxtail millet to prepare ready-to-eat or use products, thereby increasing its utilization as a food. [source]

New Carbohydrate-Based Phosphite-Oxazoline Ligands as Highly Versatile Ligands for Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions

ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 15 2005
Yvette Mata
Abstract We have designed and synthesized a new family of readily available phosphite-oxazoline ligands for Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. These ligands can be tuned in two regions to explore their effect on catalytic performance. By carefully selecting the ligand components, we obtained high enantioselectivities in the Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution in substrates with different steric properties [source]

Carbohydrate,protein interactions between HNK-1-reactive sulfoglucuronyl glycolipids and the proteoglycan lectin domain mediate neuronal cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2001
Ryu Miura
Lecticans, a family of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, represent the largest group of proteoglycans expressed in the nervous system. We previously showed that the C-type lectin domains of lecticans bind two classes of sulfated cell surface glycolipids, sulfatides and HNK-1-reactive sulfoglucuronylglycolipids (SGGLs). In this paper, we demonstrate that the interaction between the lectin domain of brevican, a nervous system-specific lectican, and cell surface SGGLs acts as a novel cell recognition system that promotes neuronal adhesion and neurite outgrowth. The Ig chimera of the brevican lectin domain bind to the surface of SGGL-expressing rat hippocampal neurons. The substrate of the brevican chimera promotes adhesion and neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons. The authentic, full-length brevican also promotes neuronal cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. These activities of brevican substrates are neutralized by preincubation of cells with HNK-1 monoclonal antibodies and by pretreatment of the brevican substrates with purified SGGLs. Brevican and HNK-1 carbohydrates are coexpressed in specific layers of the developing hippocampus where axons from entorhinal neurons elongate. Our observations suggest that cell surface SGGLs and extracellular lecticans comprise a novel cell-substrate recognition system operating in the developing nervous system. [source]

Prolonged antigen-exposure with carbohydrate particle based vaccination prevents allergic immune responses in sensitized mice

ALLERGY, Issue 6 2009
S. Thunberg
Background:, Defined particles carrying tightly bound allergens at high density have been suggested as alternatives in allergy vaccination. Carbohydrate based particles (CBP), sized 2 ,m, provide a platform for covalent coupling of allergens. Objective:, To investigate the mechanisms of antigen presentation by CBP, as well as cellular and humoral responses after vaccination with the major cat allergen Fel d 1, covalently coupled to CBP. Methods:, Mice (n = 10/group) were subcutaneously vaccinated with CBP-rFel d 1, CBP or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) before sensitization with rFel d 1 and challenged with cat dander extract. Fluorescent and 75Se-radiolabeled tracking of allergens and particles were performed with flow cytometry and whole-body autoradiography. Humoral, cellular and regulatory immune responses were analyzed by ELISA and flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and splenocyte cultures. Results:, CBP-rFel d 1 prevented induction of airway inflammation and induced allergen-specific T-cell anergy. CBP-rFel d 1 also induced rapid IgM and IgG1-responses compared with soluble rFel d 1. Particles were phagocytosed by antigen-presenting cells and transported to draining lymph nodes and spleen. Moreover, antigen coupled to CBP remained longer at the injection site compared with alum. Conclusions:, Covalent coupling of rFel d 1 to CBP induces rapid antibody production, prevents induction of allergic immune responses and systemic allergen spreading. Thus, CBP comprise several attractive adjuvant features for use in allergy vaccination. Clinical Implications:, Prolonged allergen exposure through covalent coupling to particles suitable for phagocytosis, provides an adjuvant for safer and efficient allergy vaccination. [source]

Carbohydrate,ethanol transition in cereal grains under anoxia

NEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2001
Lorenzo Guglielminetti
Summary ,,Cereal grains differ greatly in their reponses to anaerobiosis. Here, the in vivo conversion of carbohydrates to ethanol and CO2 under anoxia is reported for three cereal grains. ,,The conversion of glucose, fructose or sucrose to ethanol under anaerobic conditions was investigated in rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains; alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) activities were also analysed under aerobic and anaerobic incubation. ,,Our data suggest that rice grains are able to produce ethanol under anoxia for the whole period of anoxic treatment, whereas barley and wheat grains can produce this terminal product of fermentation only during the first days of anaerobiosis. The level of enzymes involved in the fermentation pathway increases strongly under anoxic conditions in all three cereals. ,,Conversion of hexose to CO2 is nearly unaffected by anoxia in wheat, barley and rice, whereas only rice grains are able to degrade and utilize sucrose efficiently under anoxia. By contrast, wheat and barley do not utilize sucrose efficiently under anaerobic conditions. [source]

Changes in Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Metabolism with Aging: Possible Role of Insulin

NUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 1 2000
Paolo Tessari M.D.
Age is associated with modifications of body composition, i.e., an increase in body fat mass and a decrease in protein mass. Because insulin controls substrate disposal and production, these changes could theoretically be related to changes in either insulin action or secretion on the various substrates. On the basis of available evidence, insulin action on whole-body amino acid and protein metabolism seems not to be impaired in the aged. Decreased synthesis of contractile and mitochondrial proteins in muscle, associated with decreased gene expression, was described in humans. Decreased physical activity apparently represents an important factor responsible for decreased muscle protein synthesis and mass in the elderly. Exercise in the elderly may acutely revert these changes, although its chronic effects are still uncertain. In addition, the possible interaction between insulin and exercise in the maintenance of muscle mass needs to be specifically investigated in aged people. Higher free fatty acid (FFA) absolute flux and oxidation rates were observed in healthy elderly subjects in both the fasting state and following hyperinsulinemia, but not when normalized over fat mass. This suggests that FFA kinetics reflect the established changes in fat mass. Insulin sensitivity on glucose metabolism is usually normal in the aged, despite subtle impairments in insulin secretion, hepatic uptake, and onset of action. Finally, data support the operation of the Randle cycle (i.e., inverse relationships between fat and glucose oxidation) in the elderly [source]

The alchemy of jargon: Etymologies of urologic neologisms.

THE PROSTATE, Issue 3 2009
Number 2: Basic biochemical nomenclature
Abstract Background As the scientific community is increasingly severed from the study of linguistics, once an imperative for all scholars, the underlying significance of their common technical words is becoming blurred. This series of notes will focus on the etymologies of a series of technical scientific terms pertinent to the biomedical sciences in general and to Urology in particular. Methods These notes will give a detailed background of the history of each technical term, including how it came into being, whence it was derived, and how it impacted the scientific community through the ages. Results In this installment, the following terms will by analyzed: Biology, Biochemistry, Hormone, Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, Enzyme, Metabolism, and finally Chemistry. Conclusions This analysis of the history and significance of scientific terms common to the urological community works toward a fortification of their power by offering a reminder of their origins. Prostate 69:231,233, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Effects of amino nitrogen on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes when energy or nitrogen is limited

ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007
Hiroshi KAJIKAWA
ABSTRACT Ruminal microbes harvested from a ruminally fistulated cow were incubated in simple batch and semicontinuous cultures with NH3 -N or amino-N on nitrogen- or energy-excess diets in quantity (HN and LN diets, respectively, consisting of timothy hay plus soybean meal, or corn grain), based on evaluation with the National Research Council and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System models. In a batch culture experiment, supplementation with amino-N promoted digestion and fermentation in the course of incubation (4,24 h) on both diets, but these effects mostly disappeared when the diets were sufficiently digested (at 48 h). In a semicontinuous culture experiment using Rusitec, no effect of amino-N was exhibited after sufficient fermentation and digestion, but significant promotion of digestion was shown in the course of incubation on the HN diet, while no such effect was detected on the LN diet. The microbial yield for 24 h did not show a significant difference between the N sources of either of the two diets. These results suggest that the stimulatory effects of amino-N are diminished when the diets are sufficiently digested after a long retention and incubation, and also that the effectiveness of amino-N does not require a quantitatively energy-excess status. [source]

A multivariate approach to optimization of macronutrient composition in weaning diets for cod (Gadus morhua)

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2006
K. HAMRE
Abstract Atlantic cod, initial weight 0.26 g, were fed diets varying in added protein from 530 to 830 g kg,1, lipid from 50 to 300 g kg,1 and carbohydrate from 0 to 150 g kg,1 of dry weight, according to a three-component mixture design. Analysed values of protein and lipid were 500,770 g kg,1 and 30,270 g kg,1, respectively. Analysed carbohydrate levels were as added. Increasing levels of both lipid and carbohydrate had a positive effect on fish growth (P < 10,3), whereas protein levels above 600 g kg,1 gave a reduction in growth (P < 10,4). The effects on growth were evident in fish less than 4 g, whereas fish growth between 4 and 6 g was unaffected by the dietary variation. It is hypothesized that the reduction in growth at high protein levels in fish of less than 4 g could be owing to incomplete utilization of protein, as the stomach of cod is not fully developed before the fish is approximately 1 g. Mortality and cannibalism were high in fish less than 4 g but low when the fish grew from 4 to 6 g. There was a significant decrease in cannibalism with increasing dietary lipid during the first half of the experiment (P < 0.05) and cannibalism was consistently high in fish fed less than 150 g kg,1 lipid. The lipid level in whole fish increased with increasing dietary levels of lipid (P < 10,6) and carbohydrate (P < 10,4), whereas the liver lipid level increased with increasing dietary lipid up to 200 g kg,1 (P < 10,6) and decreased thereafter (P < 10,4). Whole body glycogen increased slightly with increasing levels of dietary carbohydrate (P < 0.05) and was not affected by the other dietary variables. Liver glycogen increased in response to increasing dietary carbohydrate (P < 10,5) and decreasing levels of dietary lipid (P < 10,5). An abrupt increase in liver glycogen was seen with the reduction in dietary lipid from 100 to 50 g kg,1. The hepatosomatic index increased in response to both dietary lipid and carbohydrate (P < 10,6). It is concluded that the protein requirement of young cod is less than 500 g kg,1 of dry diet. Fish of less than 4 g should not be given more than 620 g kg,1 protein and should be supplemented with 150,200 g kg,1 lipid. Carbohydrate up to 150 g kg,1 of dry diet promoted growth and did not seem to affect the fish negatively. Fish above 4 g can be given diets varying in protein and carbohydrate over the wide range of concentrations used in the present study, but lipid supplementation should be restricted to between 100 and 200 g kg,1. [source]

Carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of animal and vegetal ingredients and diets for the pre-adult redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2008
Alfredo Campaña-Torres
Abstract In vivo carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of four animal [sardine meals 67% and 58% crude protein (CP), squid meal and red crab meal] and three vegetal (soy paste, textured wheat and sorghum meal) ingredients and diets were evaluated in experimental diets for pre-adult redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. A reference and seven experimental diets were formulated, including 14.5% of each ingredient in the reference diet. A single factor, completely randomized experimental design with five replicates per treatment was done. Experimental organisms were pre-adult redclaw of 10±0.8 g. The best carbohydrate digestibilities were recorded for some vegetal ingredients such as sorghum and textured wheat (93.6% and 83.9%) and the corresponding diets (90.9% and 90.8%). For animal ingredients, carbohydrate digestibilities were very poor (from 12.3% to 41.1%), and the inclusion of these ingredients diminished the digestibility of the corresponding experimental diets as compared with the reference diet (86.3,89.2% vs. 89.9%). The highest lipid digestibility corresponded to red crab meal (97.5%). Textured wheat and soy paste meal also had excellent lipid digestibility (96.4% and 95.1%). The same tendency was found for the corresponding diets. The lowest percentages were obtained with 58% crude protein sardine meal (32.9%) and its diet (86.2%). [source]

Dietary intakes of Pacific, M,ori, Asian and European adolescents: the Auckland High School Heart Survey

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2010
John D. Sluyter
Abstract Objective: To compare dietary intakes of European, M,ori, Pacific Island and Asian adolescents living in Auckland. Methods: A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used to assess daily nutrient intakes of 2,549 14- to 21-year-old high-school students in Auckland (1,422 male and 1,127 female) in a cross-sectional survey carried out between 1997 and 1998. Results: Compared with Europeans, M,ori and Pacific Islanders consumed more energy per day. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were higher in M,ori and Pacific Islanders than in Europeans. Cholesterol intakes were lowest in Europeans and alcohol intakes were highest in Europeans and M,ori. When nutrient intakes were expressed as their percentage contribution to total energy, many ethnic differences in nutrient intakes between Europeans and M,ori or Pacific Islanders were eliminated. After adjustment for energy intake and age, Europeans ate the fewest eggs, and Pacific Islanders and Asians ate more servings of chicken and fish, and fewer servings of milk and cereal than Europeans. Compared to Europeans, Pacific Islanders consumed larger portion sizes for nearly every food item. Conclusion: There were marked differences in nutrient intakes between Pacific, M,ori, Asian and European adolescents. Ethnic differences in food selections, frequency of food servings and portion sizes contribute to the differences in nutrient intakes between these ethnic groups. These differences generally matched those of other studies in children and adults from these ethnic groups. Implications: Interventions that reduce frequency of food consumption and serving sizes and promote less-fatty food choices in M,ori and Pacific adolescents are needed. [source]

Carbohydrate-Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles for Rapid Target-Protein Identification and Binding-Epitope Mapping

CHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 7 2005
Yu-Ju Chen Dr.
Carbohydrate,lectin recognition plays important roles in cell,cell communication, proliferation, and differentiation. We report here a new approach of using a carbohydrate-encapsulated gold nanoparticle (shown in purple) as an affinity probe for the efficient separation and enrichment of target proteins, and then protein identification and epitope mapping by MALDI-TOF MS. [source]

Gold Glyconanoparticles as Probes to Explore the Carbohydrate-Mediated Self-Recognition of Marine Sponge Cells

CHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 5 2005
Adriana Carvalho de Souza Dr.
Carbohydrate,carbohydrate interactions. TEM imaging shows that gold glyconanoparticles coated with the synthetic disaccharide epitope ,- D -GlcpNAc3S -(1,3)-,- L -Fucp(1,O) (Au- 1,a) can mimic the proteoglycan self-recognition that is responsible for marine sponge cell adhesion. This interaction is highly specific; any structural changes in the disaccharide completely eradicated the self-recognition phenomenon. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate-Based Tolylsulfonyl Hydrazines: Effective Catalysts for the Mannich Reaction and the Syntheses of Bisindolylalkanes in Water.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2008
Peng Wu
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

Synthesis and Screening of Bicyclic Carbohydrate-Based Compounds: A Novel Type of Antivirals.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2006
Steven Van Hoof
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source]

A Convergent Ring-Closing Metathesis Approach to Carbohydrate-Based Macrolides with Potential Antibiotic Activity.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 15 2006
Petra Blom
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source]

Carbohydrate-Based Oxepines: Ring Expanded Glycals for the Synthesis of Septanose Saccharides.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 34 2003
Mark W. Peczuh
Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source]

Carbohydrate,Protein Interactions at Inferfaces: Synthesis of Thiolactosyl Glycolipids and Design of a Working Model for Surface Plasmon Resonance.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 24 2003
Peter Critchley
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Construction of Carbohydrate-Based Antitumor Vaccines: Synthesis of Glycosyl Amino Acids by Olefin Cross-Metathesis.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 47 2002
Kaustav Biswas
Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source]

Convenient Synthesis of Bicyclic Carbohydrate 1,2-Lactones and Their Stereoselective Opening to 1-Functionalized Glucose Derivatives

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009
Jian Yin
Closed and re-opened for business: C-2 branched carbohydrates 1 cyclize under conditions of decarboxylation to the hitherto unknown carbohydrate 1,2-lactones 2 in high yields. The gluco isomer can be opened at the anomeric position with various nuceophiles in the presence of Sc(OTf)3, which allows the stereoselective synthesis of 1-functionalized glucose derivatives 3. Thus, 1,2- bis-C -branched saccharides become available in only a few steps starting from glycals. [source]

Non-Covalent Polyvalent Ligands by Self-Assembly of Small Glycodendrimers: A Novel Concept for the Inhibition of Polyvalent Carbohydrate,Protein Interactions In Vitro and In Vivo

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 1 2006
Gebhard Thoma Dr.
Abstract Polyvalent carbohydrate,protein interactions occur frequently in biology, particularly in recognition events on cellular membranes. Collectively, they can be much stronger than corresponding monovalent interactions, rendering it difficult to control them with individual small molecules. Artificial macromolecules have been used as polyvalent ligands to inhibit polyvalent processes; however, both reproducible synthesis and appropriate characterization of such complex entities is demanding. Herein, we present an alternative concept avoiding conventional macromolecules. Small glycodendrimers which fulfill single molecule entity criteria self-assemble to form non-covalent nanoparticles. These particles,not the individual molecules,function as polyvalent ligands, efficiently inhibiting polyvalent processes both in vitro and in vivo. The synthesis and characterization of these glycodendrimers is described in detail. Furthermore, we report on the characterization of the non-covalent nanoparticles formed and on their biological evaluation. [source]

A Modified Atkins Diet Is Effective for the Treatment of Intractable Pediatric Epilepsy

EPILEPSIA, Issue 2 2006
Eric H. Kossoff
Summary:,Purpose: The Atkins diet may induce ketosis as does the ketogenic diet, without restrictions on calories, fluids, protein, or need for an inpatient fast and admission. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a modified Atkins diet for intractable childhood epilepsy. Methods: Twenty children were treated prospectively in a hospital-based ambulatory clinic from September 2003 to May 2005. Children aged 3,18 years, with at least three seizures per week, who had been treated with at least two anticonvulsants, were enrolled and received the diet over a 6-month period. Carbohydrates were initially limited to 10 g/day, and fats were encouraged. Parents measured urinary ketones semiweekly and recorded seizures daily. All children received vitamin and calcium supplementation. Results: In all children, at least moderate urinary ketosis developed within 4 days (mean, 1.9). Sixteen (80%) completed the 6-month study; 14 chose to remain on the diet afterward. At 6 months, 13 (65%) had >50% improvement, and seven (35%) had >90% improvement (four were seizure free). Mean seizure frequency after 6 months was 40 per week (p = 0.005). Over a 6-month period, mean serum blood urea nitrogen increased from 12 to 17 mg/dl (p = 0.01); creatinine was unchanged. Cholesterol increased from 192 to 221 mg/dl, (p = 0.06). Weight did not change significantly (34.0,33.7 kg); only six children lost weight. A stable body mass index over time correlated with >90% improvement (p = 0.004). Conclusions: A modified Atkins diet is an effective and well-tolerated therapy for intractable pediatric epilepsy. [source]

Permanganate Oxidation Revisited: Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-2-uloses via Indium-Mediated Chain Elongation of Carbohydrates

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 25 2010
Christoph Schmölzer
Abstract Application of the Barbier-type indium-mediated allylation method to suitable substrates offers access to carbohydrates bearing a terminal olefin moiety. The C,C bond forming reaction generates a defined stereochemistry of the new chiral center and tolerates a wide variety of starting aldehydes thus allowing modifications in the carbohydrate backbone. Further transformations of the alkene moiety via an environmentally benign and subtle controlled protocol using potassium permanganate gives rise to the structural motif of 3-deoxy-2-uloses in good yields. The final part of the reaction sequence focuses on the deprotection of the acetyl groups essential for the success of the oxidation step. The acidic and labile 3-deoxy position of the target molecule is prone to elimination applying standard deacetylation conditions and therefore demands derivatisation of the molecule. The introduction of a thioketal moiety using microwave conditions shows promising results and subsequent standard transformations are applicable leading to the desired products. [source]

Ti-Mediated Synthesis of Aminocyclopropyl-Substituted Carbohydrates

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 23 2005
Christophe Laroche
Abstract Carbohydrates bearing aminocyclopropyl moieties were conveniently prepared from the corresponding nitriles by titanium-mediated addition of Grignard reagents. A wide range of protective groups are tolerated. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source]

Evaluation of Nondigested Carbohydrates in Hydroxypropylated Tapioca Starch

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010
M. Tachibe
ABSTRACT:,In vitro,and,in vivo,digestibilities of hydroxypropyl starch were investigated to determine an appropriate nondigested carbohydrate assaying method for hydroxypropyl starch. Hydroxypropyl tapioca starch (HPTS), with a 0.338 degree of substitution, was used as a hydroxypropyl starch source. Practically all nondigested carbohydrate in HPTS was low molecular weight and was not precipitated in 78% ethanol. The contents of nondigested carbohydrate in HPTS and in effluents of ileorectomized rats fed the HPTS diet obtained by the AOAC 2001.03 (enzyme-gravimetric-HPLC method) were almost the same, 56% and 59%, respectively. The recovery of hydroxypropyl groups from ileorectomy effluents was 98%. The AOAC 2001.03 method is suggested to be appropriate in determining the content of nondigested carbohydrates in hydroxypropyl starch. [source]

Current literature in mass spectrometry

JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 8 2010
Article first published online: 23 AUG 2010
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author [source]

Current literature in mass spectrometry

JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 6 2010
Article first published online: 1 JUN 2010
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author [source]