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Capita Level (capita + level)
Selected AbstractsLotteries, Group Size, and Public Good ProvisionJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2007PAUL PECORINO We analyze the effect of group size on public good provision under the Morgan (2000) lottery mechanism. For a pure public good, the lottery performs quite well as public good provision is found to increase in group size, even when the lottery prize is held constant. By contrast, for fully rival public goods, per capita provision is found to decrease in group size, even when the lottery prize is proportional to group size. Further, the per capita level of provision will approach zero when group size is sufficiently large. [source] Energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of IranOPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 3 2000A.M. Samsam Bakhtiari During the 20th century, energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of Iran was continually on the increase, from a per capita level of 200 kilogrammes of oil equivalent (koe) for traditional energies at the onset to more than 1,700 koe for commercial energies at the century's close. The main stimulants fuelling Iran's energy consumption were: (i) revenue from oil exports (wealth-creating); (ii) a growing population; (iii) the countrywide rural-urban shift; and (iv) relatively low domestic retail prices charged for energy vectors. For a country well endowed with hydrocarbon resources, it is not surprising that the internal consumption of refined products and natural gas grew to fill 99 per cent of its primary energy needs. During the 1990s, domestic consumption of natural gas exploded. Gas even came to rival refined products, securing up to 45 per cent of total primary energy. Future natural gas expansion will be based upon the country's ample reserves, and gas will undoubtedly become Iran's dominant source of internal energy in the 21st century,thereby liberating liquid fuels for export. Iran's dwindling crude oil production will also put pressure on the internal use of refined products, as consumption and exports come to vie for the same barrel. Exports being vital to the national economy, consumption will have to be reined in. [source] Computing the Extent of Circumvention of Proposition 13: A ResponseAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Gary M. Galles Galles and Sexton (1998) showed that California state and local revenues exceeded their previous real per capita levels as did the sum of property taxes plus charges and miscellaneous revenues within a decade after Proposition 13 passed, and concluded that Proposition 13 was only temporarily successful at shrinking California state and local governments. Khoury and Pal (2000) challenge this conclusion. However, their conclusion that Proposition 13'mvention "n only marginal"from using per $1000 of income comparisons rather than real per capita comparisons and from using growth rate changes, which fail to adjust for U.S. fiscal trends, instead of changes in the levels of variables as their primary measure. [source] Human capital and per capita product: A comparison of US states,PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2000Saurav Dev Bhatta Human capital; US states; gross regional product; growth accounting Abstract. This article analyzes the extent to which human capital differences can explain the differences in gross state product (GSP) per capita levels between the richer and poorer states of the US. It uses 1990 Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis data on educational attainment, wage levels of different segments of the labor force, and GSP to compare New York , our representative rich state , with the poorest third of the states. The findings indicate that human capital differences explain at least 49% of the observed difference in GSP per capita between New York and each of the poor states. [source] | |||||||||||||