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Cancer Prevention (cancer + prevention)
Kinds of Cancer Prevention Terms modified by Cancer Prevention Selected AbstractsDoes Local Television News Coverage Cultivate Fatalistic Beliefs About Cancer Prevention?JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2010Jeff Niederdeppe Many U.S. adults hold fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention despite evidence that a large proportion of cancer deaths are preventable. We report findings from two studies that assess the plausibility of the claim that local television (TV) news cultivates fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. Study 1 features a content analysis of an October 2002 national sample of local TV and newspaper coverage about cancer. Study 2 describes an analysis of the 2005 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS). Overall, findings are consistent with the claim that local TV news coverage may promote fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. We conclude with a discussion of study implications for cultivation theory and the knowledge gap hypothesis and suggest foci for future research. Beaucoup d'adultes américains ont une perception fataliste de la prévention du cancer, malgré les preuves ŕ l'effet qu'une grande proportion des décčs dus au cancer sont évitables. Plusieurs chercheurs suggčrent que la couverture médiatique est l'une des sources de cette opinion. Nous rendons compte des résultats de deux études évaluant la plausibilité de l'affirmation selon laquelle les informations télévisées locales cultiveraient une perception fataliste de la prévention du cancer. La premičre étude fait état d'une analyse de contenu d'un échantillon national de la couverture du cancer en octobre 2002 par les télévision et les journaux locaux. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats appuient l'affirmation selon laquelle la couverture des informations télévisées locales pourrait promouvoir une perception fataliste de la prévention du cancer. Nous concluons par une discussion des conséquences de ces résultats pour la théorie de cultivation et l'hypothčse de l'écart des savoirs et par des suggestions pour la recherche future. Viele U.S. amerikanische Erwachsene haben fatalistische Vorstellung zur Krebsprävention, auch wenn es Beweise gibt, dass ein großer Anteil von Krebstodesfällen vermieden werden kann. Verschiedene Wissenschaftler nehmen an, dass die Nachrichtenberichterstattung eine Quelle für diese Ansichten ist. Wir dokumentieren Ergebnisse von zwei Studien, die die Plausibilität dieser Annahme zeigen, nämlich dass lokales Nachrichtenfernsehen fatalistische Ansichten zur Krebsprävention kultiviert. Studie 1 ist die Inhaltsanalyse einer nationalen Stichprobe von Fernsehlokalnachrichten und der Presseberichterstattung im Oktober 2002 zum Thema Krebs. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent mit der Annahme, dass Fernsehlokalnachrichten fatalistische Ansichten zum Thema Krebsprävention beeinflussen. Wir schließen mit einer Diskussion der Implikationen für die Kultivierungstheorie und die Wissensklufthypothese und schlagen Forschungsfelder für die Zukunft vor. Resumen Muchos adultos Norteamericanos sostienen creencias fatalistas sobre la prevención del cáncer a pesar de la evidencia que una proporción larga de las muertes de cáncer son prevenibles. Varios eruditos sugieren que la cobertura de noticias es una fuente de esas creencias. Reportamos los hallazgos de dos estudios que evaluaron la plausibilidad que la afirmación que las noticias de la televisión local (TV) cultiva las creencias fatalistas sobre la prevención del cáncer. El estudio 1 muestra un análisis de contenido de una muestra nacional de Octubre del 2002 de la cobertura sobre el cáncer en TV local y periódicos. En general, los hallazgos son consistentes con el alegato que la cobertura de noticias locales de TV pueden promover creencias fatalistas sobre la prevención del cáncer. Concluimos con una discusión de las implicancias de este estudio para la teoría de la cultivación y para la hipótesis de la brecha de conocimiento y sugiere el foco para la investigación futura. [source] Skin Cancer Prevention in the Primary Care Setting: Assessment Using a Standardized PatientPEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2007M.P.H., Robin L. Hornung M.D. A secondary goal was to test the feasibility of this technique as a measure of actual physician behaviors in the outpatient setting. We used a convenience sample of 15 primary care physicians. The standardized patient was an 18-year-old woman with skin phototype I. She presented to physicians as needing a general physical examination for a summer lifeguard job at a beach. She stated a family history of skin cancer. Physician performances were rated using a standard checklist completed by the standardized patient following each visit. We found that none of the physicians asked questions specifically related to skin phototype or sun exposure habits such as childhood sunburns. Only 13% asked about mole changes. For counseling, 67% of physicians recommended sunscreen use; only 7% discussed sunscreen types or procedures for effective use. Only 13% counseled other skin protective behaviors. No significant differences by physician gender were found in these areas; however, female physicians counseled more global health behaviors than male physicians (p , 0.01). Our pilot data suggest that little skin cancer primary prevention counseling is performed for high-risk patients. The standardized patient technique worked well in obtaining outcome data for physicians' preventive practices. [source] Breast Cancer Prevention in the 21st Century: Defining the ChallengeTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006David M. Euhus MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] From Adjuvant Therapy to Breast Cancer Prevention: BCPT and STARTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001Barbara K. Dunn MD Abstract: The continued widespread prevalence of breast cancer supports placing a high priority on research aimed at its primary prevention, particularly among women who are at increased risk for developing this disease. The suggestion of potential agents for the primary chemoprevention of breast cancer evolved out of the treatment setting. Extensive experience with tamoxifen, a first-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) showing efficacy, first, in the treatment of advanced breast cancer and, subsequently, as adjuvant therapy for early stage disease established the safety of this agent. Cumulative data from multiple adjuvant studies documented the efficacy of tamoxifen in reducing second primary breast cancers in the contralateral breast, supporting its potential as a chemopreventive agent for breast cancer. The safety and second primary data on tamoxifen, together with extensive information on its pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and antitumor effects, as well as its potentially beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and osteoporosis, led the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) to select tamoxifen for testing in the first prospective randomized phase III trial of the efficacy of a chemopreventive agent for preventing breast cancer in women at increased risk of the disease. Accordingly, in 1992 the NSABP started the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (P-1) in which 13,388 women 35 years of age who were at increased risk of breast cancer according to Gail model risk factors [family history, age, and personal history (i.e., age at first birth, age at menarche, previous breast biopsies)] were randomized to tamoxifen 20 mg/day or placebo for 5 years. Through 69 months of follow-up tamoxifen reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer, primarily estrogen receptor-positive tumors, by 49% (two-sided p < 0.00001). Tamoxifen reduced the risk of noninvasive breast cancer by 50% (two-sided p < 0.002). In addition, tamoxifen reduced fractures of the hip, radius, and spine, but it had no effect on the rate of ischemic heart disease. As previously shown, the rates of endometrial cancer and vascular events increased with tamoxifen. With the P-1 results establishing tamoxifen as the standard of care for the primary chemoprevention of breast cancer in high-risk women, concern over the side effects of tamoxifen has prompted a continuing search for an agent that displays a more desirable efficacy/toxicity profile. Raloxifene, a second-generation SERM approved for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, displays antiestrogenic properties in the breast and possibly the endometrium, and estrogenic effects in the bone and on the lipid profile, suggesting it as a candidate for comparison with the chemopreventive standard, tamoxifen. Raloxifene will be compared to tamoxifen in an equivalency trial, the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) NSABP P-2, which began in July 1999 at almost 500 centers in North America. The plan is to randomize 22,000 postmenopausal women 35 years of age at increased risk of breast cancer by Gail criteria to tamoxifen 20 mg/day or raloxifene 60 mg/day for 5 years. Study endpoints include invasive and noninvasive breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer, bone fractures, and vascular events. [source] Geocoding Health Data: The Use of Geographic Codes in Cancer Prevention and Control, Research and Practice edited by Gerard Rushton, Marc P. Armstrong, Josephine Gittler, Barry R. Greene, Claire E. Pavlik, Michele M. West and Dale L. ZimmermanTHE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 4 2008LU WANG No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Importance of Skin Cancer Prevention in Organ Transplant Patients An Editorial to Paper by Salgo: ,Switch to Sirolimus in Long-Term Renal Transplant Recipients: Reduced Premalignancies and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in a Controlled, Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Study'AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 6 2010C. Mitchell Renal transplant patients should be managed by dermatologists to prevent and manage skin cancer, a common cause of morbidity and mortality in organ transplant patients. See article by Salgo et al on page 1385. [source] IARC Handbooks of Cancer PreventionCANCER, Issue 8 2003Breast cancer screening DOI 10.1002/cncr.11334 [source] Cancer prevention: From concept to practice,CA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 3 2000Dr. Paul F. Engstrom MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Vitamin D and innate immunityDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 1 2010Jeremiah Miller ABSTRACT Vitamin D's role in bone health has been well established. Recently, studies have identified additional roles of vitamin D in the immune system, cardiovascular system, and cancer prevention. The effect of vitamin D on the immune system is particularly relevant to the dermatologist in that it has implications for atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin cancer. However, there is much disagreement on a dose of vitamin D that is both safe and effective as both ultraviolet exposure and certain vitamin D-rich foods come with unwanted consequences. This review aims to update the dermatologist on the roles of vitamin D in the immune system, the safety and dose of different sources, and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency that may necessitate supplementation. Immune consequences of vitamin D status represent one additional aspect that illustrates how guidelines for supplementation are needed and will only be useful clinically if they are presented in context with validated controlled clinical trials. [source] Cervical cancer prevention for all the world's women: New approaches offer opportunities and promiseDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 12 2007Thomas C. Wright Jr. M.D. First page of article [source] Biopsy Strategies for Endoscopic Surveillance of Pre-malignant Gastric LesionsHELICOBACTER, Issue 4 2010Annemarie C. De Vries Abstract Background:, Endoscopic surveillance of pre-malignant gastric lesions may add to gastric cancer prevention. However, the appropriate biopsy regimen for optimal detection of the most advanced lesions remains to be determined. Therefore, we evaluated the yield of endoscopic surveillance by standardized and targeted biopsy protocols. Materials and Methods:, In a prospective, multi-center study, patients with intestinal metaplasia (IM) or dysplasia (DYS) underwent a surveillance gastroscopy. Both targeted biopsies from macroscopic lesions and 12 non-targeted biopsies according to a standardized protocol (antrum, angulus, corpus, cardia) were obtained. Appropriate biopsy locations and the yield of targeted versus non-targeted biopsies were evaluated. Results:, In total, 112 patients with IM (n = 101), or low-grade (n = 5) and high-grade DYS (n = 6) were included. Diagnosis at surveillance endoscopy was atrophic gastritis (AG) in one, IM in 77, low-grade DYS in two, high-grade DYS in three, and gastric cancer in one patient. The angulus (40%), antrum (35%) and lesser curvature of the corpus (33%) showed the highest prevalence of pre-malignant conditions. Non-targeted biopsies from the lesser curvature had a significantly higher yield as compared to the greater curvature of the corpus in diagnosing AG and IM (p = .05 and p = .03). Patients with extensive intragastric IM, which was also present at the cardia were at high risk of a concurrent diagnosis of dysplasia or gastric cancer. High-grade DYS was detected in targeted biopsies only. Conclusions:, At surveillance endoscopies, both targeted and non-targeted biopsies are required for an appropriate diagnosis of (pre-)malignant gastric lesions. Non-targeted biopsies should be obtained in particular from the antrum, angulus and lesser curvature of the corpus. [source] Prostate cancer and PSA among statin users in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trialINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2010Teemu J. Murtola Abstract Decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer has been reported among men using statins. However, the evidence on overall prostate cancer risk is conflicting. We compared the relative risk between current users and non-users of statins or other cholesterol-lowering medications in a population undergoing systematical prostate cancer screening. The study cohort comprised of 23,320 men participating in the screening arm of the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial during 1996,2004. Information on medication use was obtained from a comprehensive national prescription database. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for prostate cancer. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was compared between current users and non-users of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Compared with medication non-users, the overall prostate cancer incidence was decreased among statin users [HR 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63,0.89]. The inverse association was dose-dependent with cumulative amount of statin use, and strongest for low-grade and early stage tumors. The incidence was nonsignificantly lower also among users of other types of cholesterol-lowering drugs (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.28,1.38), but without dose-dependence. Age-adjusted median serum PSA tended to be lower among users of cholesterol-lowering drugs, but the relative risk decrease among statin users was not related to decreased PSA. Overall incidence of prostate cancer was lowered among statin users when bias due to differential PSA testing between medication users and non-users was eliminated by systematical prostate cancer screening. Cholesterol-lowering with statins seems beneficial for prostate cancer prevention. [source] Increased expression of fatty acid synthase in human aberrant crypt foci: Possible target for colorectal cancer preventionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2009Kathleen E. Kearney Abstract Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), the earliest identified monoclonal lesions in the colon, provide insights into changes that promote and/or accompany the transformation of normal colonic epithelial cells to colorectal cancer. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), the primary enzyme involved in de novo lipogenesis from carbohydrates, is expressed at low levels in most normal human tissues but is elevated in several human neoplasms including colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. To determine if this pathway is altered even earlier in colorectal tumorigenesis, 35 human ACF from 21 patients were evaluated for the immunohistochemical expression of FAS. Sections of colon cancer served as positive controls, and normal colonic mucosa distant from cancer or ACF served as negative controls. FAS expression was increased in 30 (86%) ACF compared with that in adjacent normal colonic mucosa. The expression of FAS in ACF was not related to the degree of dysplasia or to the number of crypts in the ACF. The over expression of FAS in a high proportion of ACF suggests that this enzyme plays an important role very early in colorectal tumorigenesis and may be a target for chemoprevention. © 2009 UICC [source] Cost-effectiveness of primary cytology and HPV DNA cervical screeningINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2008Peter Bistoletti Abstract Because cost-effectiveness of different cervical cytology screening strategies with and without human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing is unclear, we used a Markov model to estimate life expectancy and health care cost per woman during the remaining lifetime for 4 screening strategies: (i) cervical cytology screening at age 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 55 and 60, (ii) same strategy with addition of testing for HPV DNA persistence at age 32, (iii) screening with combined cytology and testing for HPV DNA persistence at age 32, 41 and 50, iv) no screening. Input data were derived from population-based screening registries, health-service costs and from a population-based HPV screening trial. Impact of parameter uncertainty was addressed using probabilistic multivariate sensitivity analysis. Cytology screening between 32 and 60 years of age in 3,5 year intervals increased life expectancy and life-time costs were reduced from 533 to 248 US Dollars per woman compared to no screening. Addition of HPV DNA testing, at age 32 increased costs from 248 to 284 US Dollars without benefit on life expectancy. Screening with both cytology and HPV DNA testing, at ages 32, 41 and 50 reduced costs from 248 to 210 US Dollars with slightly increased life expectancy. In conclusion, population-based, organized cervical cytology screening between ages 32 to 60 is highly cost-efficient for cervical cancer prevention. If screening intervals are increased to at least 9 years, combined cytology and HPV DNA screening appeared to be still more effective and less costly. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Strategies for skin cancer preventionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Robin B. Harris PhD First page of article [source] SELECT shows no effect on prostate cancer preventionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGICAL NURSING, Issue 1 2009Lawrence Drudge-Coates Abstract To determine whether selenium, vitamin E, or both could prevent prostate cancer and other diseases with little or no toxicity in relatively healthy men. Oral selenium (200 ,g/d from L -selenomethionine) and matched vitamin E placebo, vitamin E (400 IU/d of all rac-, -tocopheryl acetate) and matched selenium placebo, selenium + vitamin E, or placebo + placebo for a planned follow-up of minimum of 7 years and a maximum of 12 years. Number of men diagnosed with prostate cancer and prespecified secondary outcomes, including lung, colorectal, and overall primary cancer. Selenium or vitamin E, alone or in combination at the doses and formulations used, did not prevent prostate cancer in this population of relatively healthy men. [source] Geriatric Oncology and Primary Care: Promoting Partnerships in Practice and ResearchJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2009Julia Hannum Rose PhD This supplement is a compilation of original work that was presented at an interdisciplinary conference on "Geriatric Oncology and Primary Care: Promoting Partnerships in Practice and Research" held in Cleveland, Ohio, April 3 to 4, 2008. An audience of 77 clinicians and researchers attended this conference, primarily coming from Ohio and adjacent states. Articles are organized around a conceptual framework to consider primary and shared care roles of primary care physicians (PCPs) and oncologists in the care of older patients with cancer and their families. Articles in Section One focus on evidence-based clinical practice and recommendations. Section Two includes articles on original psychosocial and health services research that inform this topic. Papers in this conference were developed in recognition of the greater prevalence and growing incidence of cancer in older adults; the unique geriatric expertise and practice considerations essential to the prevention and control of cancer in older adults; the important and effective roles that PCPs may play in such care; and the need to develop shared care models that foster collaboration between PCPs and oncologists, from cancer prevention through long-term survivorship and end-of-life care of older adults. Models of shared care between oncologists and PCPs should be tested and compared for optimal care of older patients with cancer and their families. Potential implications of ideally shared care include more-informed patient-centered decision-making, better adherence to treatment, improved match between older patient goals and treatments, and thus better outcomes. [source] Does Local Television News Coverage Cultivate Fatalistic Beliefs About Cancer Prevention?JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2010Jeff Niederdeppe Many U.S. adults hold fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention despite evidence that a large proportion of cancer deaths are preventable. We report findings from two studies that assess the plausibility of the claim that local television (TV) news cultivates fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. Study 1 features a content analysis of an October 2002 national sample of local TV and newspaper coverage about cancer. Study 2 describes an analysis of the 2005 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS). Overall, findings are consistent with the claim that local TV news coverage may promote fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention. We conclude with a discussion of study implications for cultivation theory and the knowledge gap hypothesis and suggest foci for future research. Beaucoup d'adultes américains ont une perception fataliste de la prévention du cancer, malgré les preuves ŕ l'effet qu'une grande proportion des décčs dus au cancer sont évitables. Plusieurs chercheurs suggčrent que la couverture médiatique est l'une des sources de cette opinion. Nous rendons compte des résultats de deux études évaluant la plausibilité de l'affirmation selon laquelle les informations télévisées locales cultiveraient une perception fataliste de la prévention du cancer. La premičre étude fait état d'une analyse de contenu d'un échantillon national de la couverture du cancer en octobre 2002 par les télévision et les journaux locaux. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats appuient l'affirmation selon laquelle la couverture des informations télévisées locales pourrait promouvoir une perception fataliste de la prévention du cancer. Nous concluons par une discussion des conséquences de ces résultats pour la théorie de cultivation et l'hypothčse de l'écart des savoirs et par des suggestions pour la recherche future. Viele U.S. amerikanische Erwachsene haben fatalistische Vorstellung zur Krebsprävention, auch wenn es Beweise gibt, dass ein großer Anteil von Krebstodesfällen vermieden werden kann. Verschiedene Wissenschaftler nehmen an, dass die Nachrichtenberichterstattung eine Quelle für diese Ansichten ist. Wir dokumentieren Ergebnisse von zwei Studien, die die Plausibilität dieser Annahme zeigen, nämlich dass lokales Nachrichtenfernsehen fatalistische Ansichten zur Krebsprävention kultiviert. Studie 1 ist die Inhaltsanalyse einer nationalen Stichprobe von Fernsehlokalnachrichten und der Presseberichterstattung im Oktober 2002 zum Thema Krebs. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent mit der Annahme, dass Fernsehlokalnachrichten fatalistische Ansichten zum Thema Krebsprävention beeinflussen. Wir schließen mit einer Diskussion der Implikationen für die Kultivierungstheorie und die Wissensklufthypothese und schlagen Forschungsfelder für die Zukunft vor. Resumen Muchos adultos Norteamericanos sostienen creencias fatalistas sobre la prevención del cáncer a pesar de la evidencia que una proporción larga de las muertes de cáncer son prevenibles. Varios eruditos sugieren que la cobertura de noticias es una fuente de esas creencias. Reportamos los hallazgos de dos estudios que evaluaron la plausibilidad que la afirmación que las noticias de la televisión local (TV) cultiva las creencias fatalistas sobre la prevención del cáncer. El estudio 1 muestra un análisis de contenido de una muestra nacional de Octubre del 2002 de la cobertura sobre el cáncer en TV local y periódicos. En general, los hallazgos son consistentes con el alegato que la cobertura de noticias locales de TV pueden promover creencias fatalistas sobre la prevención del cáncer. Concluimos con una discusión de las implicancias de este estudio para la teoría de la cultivación y para la hipótesis de la brecha de conocimiento y sugiere el foco para la investigación futura. [source] Sensation Seeking, the Activation Model, and Mass Media Health Campaigns: Current Findings and Future Directions for Cancer CommunicationJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2006Michael T. Stephenson The Activation Model of Information Exposure highlights the potential for individual differences in arousal in response to information, as well as the consequences of these patterns for information processing and seeking. Over the past 2 decades, the theoretical approach has generated considerable research in health communication. Most applications, however, have focused on substance use among adolescents and young adults. In this article, we assess the relevance of the activation approach for cancer communication. Although a wide range of communication efforts related to cancer prevention and treatment stand to benefit from acknowledgement of individual differences in optimal levels of arousal, we also acknowledge issues and challenges that remain for work on the Activation Model and sensation seeking. In reaching this conclusion, we explore some limitations of the Activation Model in its current form and point to new directions for future research. [source] Phytoceuticals: Mighty but ignored weapons against Helicobacter pylori infectionJOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES, Issue 3 2008Sun-Young LEE Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes peptic ulcer disease, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and gastric adenocarcinomas, for which the pathogenesis of chronic gastric inflammation prevails and provides the pathogenic basis. Since the role of H. pylori infection is promoting carcinogenesis rather than acting as a direct carcinogen, as several publications show, eradication alone cannot be the right answer for preventing H. pylori -associated gastric cancer. Therefore, a non-antimicrobial approach has been suggested to attain microbe-associated cancer prevention through controlling H. pylori -related chronic inflammatory processes and mediators responsible for carcinogenesis. Phytoceutical is a term for plant products that are active on biological systems. Phytoceuticals such as Korean red ginseng, green tea, red wine, flavonoids, broccoli sprouts, garlic, probiotics and flavonoids are known to inhibit H. pylori colonization, decrease gastric inflammation by inhibiting cytokine and chemokine release, and repress precancerous changes by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B DNA binding, inducing profuse levels of apoptosis and inhibiting mutagenesis. Even though further unsolved issues are awaited before phytoceuticals are accepted as a standard treatment for H. pylori infection, phytoceuticals can be a mighty weapon for either suppressing or modulating the disease-associated footprints of H. pylori infection. [source] Treatment of Helicobacter pylori and prevention of gastric cancerJOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES, Issue 1 2008Ting Kin CHEUNG Gastric cancer is the second commonest fatal malignancy in the world with a high incidence in China. Helicobacter pylori infection is an important factor in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong causal relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer. Animal studies also show that eradication of H. pylori infection, especially at the early stage, is effective in preventing H. pylori -related gastric carcinogenesis. H. pylori eradication leads to regression and prevents the progression of gastric precancerous lesions, but only in a minority of cases. H. pylori eradication appears to be the most promising approach in gastric cancer prevention. The current available data in human studies showed that H. pylori eradication can reduce the risk of developing gastric cancer and this strategy is more useful in patients without atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia. A longer follow-up and additional studies are needed for better understanding this issue. [source] A systematic review of the effect of diet in prostate cancer prevention and treatmentJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2009R. W.-L. Abstract Dietary therapy has been proposed as a cost effective and noninvasive means of reducing the risk of prostate cancer (PC) and its progression. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of PC. This article systematically reviews the data for dietary-based therapy in the prevention of PC, as well as in the management of patients with PC, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of diet in preventing and treating PC. Although conclusive evidence is limited, the current data are indicative that a diet low in fat, high in vegetables and fruits, and avoiding high energy intake, excessive meat, excessive dairy products and calcium intake, is possibly effective in preventing PC. However, caution must be taken to ensure that members of the public do not take excessive amounts of dietary supplements because there may be adverse affects associated with their over consumption. The dietary recommendations for patients diagnosed with PC are similar to those aiming to reduce their risk of PC. [source] Signaling mechanisms of melatonin in antiproliferation of hormone-refractory 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells: implications for prostate cancer chemopreventionJOURNAL OF PINEAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Chun W. Tam Abstract:, There is an unmet clinical demand for safe and effective pharmaceuticals/nutraceuticals for prostate cancer prevention and hormone-refractory prostate cancer treatment. Previous laboratory and human studies of our laboratory demonstrated an association between the antiproliferative action of melatonin and melatonin MT1 receptor expression in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to determine, using a pharmacological approach, the signaling mechanisms of melatonin in hormone-refractory 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cell antiproliferation. Both immunoreactive MT1 and MT2 subtypes of G protein-coupled melatonin receptor were expressed in 22Rv1 cells. Melatonin inhibited, concentration dependently, cell proliferation, upregulated p27Kip1 gene transcription and protein expression, and downregulated activated androgen signaling in 22Rv1 cells. While the effects of melatonin were mimicked by 2-iodomelatonin, a high-affinity nonselective MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist, melatonin effects were blocked by luzindole, a nonselective MT1 and MT2 receptor antagonist, but were unaffected by 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline, a selective MT2 receptor antagonist. Importantly, we discovered that the antiproliferative effect of melatonin exerted via MT1 receptor on p27Kip1 gene and protein upregulation is mediated by a novel signaling mechanism involving co-activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKA in parallel. Moreover, we also showed that a melatonin/MT1/PKC mechanism is involved in melatonin-induced downregulation of activated androgen signal transduction in 22Rv1 cells. Taken together with the known molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression and transition to androgen independence, our data provide strong support for melatonin to be a promising small-molecule useful for prostate cancer primary prevention and secondary prevention of the development and progression of hormone refractoriness. [source] Oral Cancer Knowledge and Opinions Among Maryland Nurse PractitionersJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2001Piya Siriphant DDS Abstract Objectives: As part of a Maryland statewide oral cancer needs assessment, a census of adult and family practice nurse practitioners was conducted to determine their knowledge of oral cancer risk factors, diagnostic procedures and related opinions. Methods: Information was obtained through a pretested, 40-item, self-administered mail questionnaire of 389 nurse practitioners. A second complete mailing was sent three weeks after the initial mailing; two postal card reminders were mailed at 10 and 17 days after the second mailing, which yielded a response rate of 56 percent. Results: Most nurse practitioners identified the use of tobacco, alcohol, and prior oral cancer lesions as real risk factors. But only 35 percent identified exposure to the sun as a risk for lip cancer. Respondents were not overly knowledgeable about the early signs of oral cancer, most common forms, or sites for oral cancer. Only 19 percent believed their knowledge of oral cancer was current. Nurse practitioners who reported having a continuing education course on oral cancer within the past two to five years were 3.1 times more likely to have a high score on knowledge of risk factors and 2.9 times more likely to have a high score on knowledge of both risk factors and of diagnostic procedures than were those who had never had a continuing education course. Conclusions: The reported knowledge of oral cancer, in conjunction with opinions about level of knowledge and training, point to a need for systematic educational updates in oral cancer prevention and early detection. [source] Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control studyALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2000Eaden Background: The risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in ulcerative colitis (UC) increases with extent and duration of disease. Identifying other risk factors would allow targeting of sub-groups at greatest risk, enabling more cost-effective surveillance. Methods: We conducted a case-control study comparing 102 cases of CRC in UC with matched controls. Odds ratios (OR) for cancer risk were estimated by conditional logistic regression. A multivariate model assessed the contribution of individual variables. Results: Regular 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) therapy reduces cancer risk by 75% (OR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.13,0.48, P < 0.00001). Adjusting for other variables, taking mesalazine regularly reduces risk by 81% (OR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06,0.61, P=0.006) and visiting a hospital doctor more than twice a year also reduces risk (OR 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04,0.60, P=0.007). Considering variables independently, having a family history of sporadic CRC in any relative increases risk fivefold (OR 5.0, 95% CI: 1.10,22.82, P < 0.04). Conclusions: CRC risk among UC patients can be reduced by regular therapy with 5-ASA medication. Colonoscopic surveillance may be best targeted on those unable to take 5-ASAs (e.g. due to allergy) and those with a positive family history of CRC. [source] Cover Picture , Mol.MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 3 2009Nutr. Regular issues provide a wide range of research and review articles covering all aspects of Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. Selected topics of issue 3 are: An update on products and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation. Regulation of ,-catenin and connexin-43 expression: targets for sphingolipids in colon cancer prevention Modulation of the postprandial phase by ,-glucan in overweight subjects: Effects on glucose and insulin kinetics Probiotic bacteria are antagonistic to Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni and influence host lymphocyte responses in human microbiota-associated immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice [source] Monodemethylated polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel Inhibit growth of human lung cancer cells by apoptosisMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 3 2009Hang Xiao Abstract Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are almost exclusively found in the Citrus genus, particularly in the peels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and mandarin (C. reticulate Blanco). We studied the effects of two major PMFs, namely, nobiletin and 3,5,6,7,8,3,,4,-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), and two major monodemethylated PMFs, namely 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3,,4,-pentamethoxyflavone (5HPMF), and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3,,4,-hexamethoxyflavone (5HHMF), on the growth of human lung cancer H1299, H441, and H460 cells. Monodemethylated PMFs were much more potent in growth inhibition of lung cancer cells than their permethoxylated counterpart PMFs. In H1299 cells, cell cycle analyses further revealed that monodemethylated PMFs caused significant increase in sub-G0/G1 phase, suggesting possible role of apoptosis in the growth inhibition observed, whereas the permethoxylated counterpart PMFs did not affect cell cycle distribution at same concentrations tested. These results strongly suggested that the phenolic group is essential for the growth inhibitory activity of monodemethylated PMFs. Further studies in H1299 cells demonstrated that monodemethylated PMFs downregulated oncogenic proteins, such as iNOS, COX-2, Mcl-1, and K-ras, as well as induced apoptosis evidenced by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. Our results provide rationale to develop orange peel extract enriched with monodemethylated PMFs into value-added nutraceutical products for cancer prevention. [source] Cover Picture , Mol.MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 2 2009Nutr. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed in men and has increased dramatically in the past two decades partly as a result of lifestyle changes. Indeed, prostate cancer is a disease of the affluent West while Japan has one of the lowest rates of prostate cancer amongst economically developed nations. The traditional Japanese diet may reduce the risk of prostate cancer through a combination of increased soybean products and fish intake, with reduced red meat consumption. Also, the Mediterranean diet, as well as tomatoes and other red and orange coloured vegetables and fruits, may be protective against prostate cancer. While reading the special issue on "Diet and Prostate Cancer" we suggest you relax with a good cup of tea as tea may well play an important role in prostate cancer prevention. [source] Cover Picture , Mol.MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue S1 2008Nutr. Cancer chemoprevention has been defined as the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. Phytochemicals from food as well as medicinal plants are recognized as agents that play a role in cancer prevention. In this Special Issue of "Natural Products and Dietary Prevention of Cancer" recent reviews on selected natural products present in food, beverages and condiments, and their putative role in the prevention of various types of cancer are provided. [source] Grape seed proanthocyanidines and skin cancer prevention: Inhibition of oxidative stress and protection of immune systemMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue S1 2008Santosh K. Katiyar Abstract Overexposure of the skin to UV radiation has a variety of adverse effects on human health, including the development of skin cancers. There is a need to develop nutrition-based efficient chemopreventive strategies. The proanthocyanidins present in grape seeds (Vitis vinifera) have been shown to have some biological effects, including prevention of photocarcinogenesis. The present communication discusses the in vitro and in vivo studies of the possible protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) and the molecular mechanism for these effects. In SKH-1 hairless mice, dietary supplementation with GSPs is associated with a decrease of UVB-induced skin tumor development in terms of tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, and a decrease in the malignant transformation of papillomas to carcinomas. It is suggested that the chemopreventive effects of dietary GSPs are mediated through the attenuation of UV-induced: (i) oxidative stress; (ii) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-,B) signaling pathways; and (iii) immunosuppression through alterations in immunoregulatory cytokines. Collectively, these studies indicate protective potential of GSPs against experimental photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice, and the possible mechanisms of action of GSPs, and suggest that dietary GSPs could be useful in the attenuation of the adverse UV-induced health effects in human skin. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||