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Cancer Incidence (cancer + incidence)
Kinds of Cancer Incidence Terms modified by Cancer Incidence Selected AbstractsA Bayesian Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Interaction Model: An Application to Prostate Cancer IncidenceGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2008Hoon Kim During the past three decades, prostate cancer incidence has changed substantially in the United States. A fully Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal interaction model is proposed to estimate prostate cancer incidence rates in the state of Iowa. We introduce random spatial effects to capture the local dependence among regions, random temporal effects to explain the nonlinearity of rates over time, and random spatio-temporal interactions. In addition, we introduce fixed age effects because most epidemiologic data are strongly related to age. We find that prostate cancer incidence in Iowa counties increased sharply over age while incidence rates increased initially, then decreased over time. We identify hot spots of high and low rates for age groups and time periods using disease mapping. [source] The epidemiology of mouth cancer: a review of global incidenceORAL DISEASES, Issue 2 2000SR Moore Mouth cancer (143,145 ICD-9) is a major health problem in many parts of the world. While its incidence is relatively low in most western countries there are some important exceptions to this trend: on the Indian subcontinent and in other parts of Asia it remains one of the most common forms of cancer. This review article summarises the global incidence of mouth cancer using cancer mapS. Data have been compiled from the latest edition of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents and recent studies from various locations around the world. Significant geographic variation is noted in the incidence of mouth cancer, with high rates reported for the Indian subcontinent and parts of Asia (male incidence rates in excess of 10 per 100 000 per annum). It is also noted that as with other forms of oral cancer, the majority of population-based data for mouth cancer comes from the Western world with a paucity of reliable data from the so-called developing countrieS. Mouth cancer remains a serious health problem in many parts of the world with many regions reporting increasing incidence rates particularly in maleS. Ongoing research into the aetiologic risk factors associated with this disease must remain a very high priority if the causes of mouth cancer are to be established and disease control protocols introduced widely. [source] Breast Cancer Incidence in a Cohort of Women with Benign Breast Disease from a Multiethnic, Primary Health Care PopulationTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Maria J. Worsham PhD Abstract:, Women with benign breast diseases (BBD), particularly those with lesions classified as proliferative, have previously been reported to be at increased risk for subsequent development of breast cancer (BC). A cohort of 4970 women with biopsy-proven BBD, identified after histopathology review of BBD biopsies, was studied for determination of subsequent development of BC. We report on 4537 eligible women, 28% of whom are African-American, whose BBD mass was evaluable for pathologic assessment of breast tissue. Ascertainment of subsequent progression to BC from BBD was accomplished through examination of the tumor registries of the Henry Ford Health system, the Detroit SEER registry, and the State of Michigan cancer registry. Incidence rates (IR) are reported per 100,000 person years at risk (100 k pyr). Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association of demographic and lesion characteristics with BC incidence, using person years at the time of BBD diagnosis as the offset variable. The estimated overall BC IR for this cohort is 452 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 394,519) per 100 k pyr. Incidence for women age 50 and older is 80% greater than for younger women (p = 0.007, IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.36,2.36). Neither marital status (p = 0.91, IRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.73,1.29) nor race (p = 0.67, IRR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.54,1.48) is associated with differences in BC IR. Compared with women having nonproliferative lesions, the risk for BC is greater for women with atypical ductal hyperplasia of (IRR = 5.0; 95%CI = 2.26,11.0; p < 0.001) and other proliferative lesions (IR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.02,2.95; p = 0.04). BC risk for woman with atypical lesions is significantly higher than for women with proliferative lesions without atypia (IRR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.35,4.90; p = 0.0039). Neither race nor marital status was a factor for BC incidence from BBD in this cohort. Age retained its importance as a predictor of risk. BBD lesion histopathology in the outcome categories of either proliferative without atypia or proliferative with atypia are significant risk factors for BC, even when adjusted for the influence of demographic characteristics. The risks associated with BBD histological classifications were not different across races. [source] Cancer incidence in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives , a meta-analysisACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2008V. S. Catts Objective:, Controversy concerning cancer incidence in schizophrenia exists because of heterogeneous study findings. Method:, A meta-analysis was performed on standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of cancer in patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives and compared with general population samples. Results:, The pooled overall cancer incidence in patients was not significantly increased (SIR = 1.05, CI 0.95,1.15). Lung cancer incidence was slightly increased (SIR = 1.31, CI 1.01,1.71), but was reduced after adjusting for smoking prevalence. The incidence of several cancers unrelated to smoking was reduced in patients. Breast cancer rates were significantly increased in female patients. The pooled overall cancer incidence in siblings (SIR = 0.89, CI 0.84,0.94) and parents (SIR = 0.90, CI 0.88,0.93) was significantly reduced. A meta-regression detected a significant relationship between cancer risk in the general population and relative risk in patients. Conclusion:, The meta-analysis aided exploration of inconsistent study findings. There is a discrepancy between cancer risk exposure and cancer incidence in schizophrenia consistent with a protective effect. [source] Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2008Geoffrey C. Kabat Abstract Evidence from epidemiologic studies suggests a possible role of exogenous and endogenous hormones in colorectal carcinogenesis in women. However, with respect to exogenous hormones, in contrast to hormone replacement therapy, few cohort studies have examined oral contraceptive use in relation to colorectal cancer risk. We used data from a large cohort study of Canadian women enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of breast cancer screening to assess the association of oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy and reproductive factors with risk of colorectal cancer, overall and by subsite within the colorectum. Cancer incidence and mortality were ascertained by linkage to national databases. Among 89,835 women aged 40,59 at enrollment and followed for an average of 16.4 years, we identified 1,142 incident colorectal cancer cases. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations between the exposures of interest and risk of colorectal cancer. Ever use of oral contraceptives at baseline was associated with a modest reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.73,0.94), with similar effects for different subsites within the colorectum. No trend was seen in the hazard ratios with increasing duration of oral contraceptive use. No associations were seen with use of hormone replacement therapy (ever use or duration of use) or reproductive factors. Our results are suggestive of an inverse association between oral contraceptive use and colorectal carcinogenesis. However, given the lack of a dose,response relationship and the potential for confounding, studies with more complete assessment of exogenous hormone use throughout the life course are needed to clarify this association. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pesticide use and colorectal cancer risk in the agricultural health studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2007Won Jin Lee Abstract We investigated the relationship between agricultural pesticides and colorectal cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. A total of 56,813 pesticide applicators with no prior history of colorectal cancer were included in this analysis. Detailed pesticide exposure and other information were obtained from self-administered questionnaires completed at the time of enrollment (1993,1997). Cancer incidence was determined through population-based cancer registries from enrollment through December 31, 2002. A total of 305 incident colorectal cancers (212 colon, 93 rectum) were diagnosed during the study period, 1993,2002. Although most of the 50 pesticides studied were not associated with colorectal cancer risk, chlorpyrifos use showed significant exposure response trend (p for trend = 0.008) for rectal cancer, rising to a 2.7-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.2,6.4) increased risk in the highest exposure category. Aldicarb was associated with a significantly increased risk of colon cancer (p for trend = 0.001), based on a small number of exposed cases, with the highest exposure category resulting in a 4.1-fold increased risk (95% confidence interval: 1.3,12.8). In contrast, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid showed a significant inverse association with colon cancer but the association was not monotonic. Our findings should be interpreted cautiously since the literature suggesting that pesticides are related to colorectal cancer is limited. Nonetheless the possibility of an association between exposure to certain pesticides and incidence of colorectal cancer among pesticide applicators deserves further evaluation. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cancer incidence among persons with fragile X syndrome in Finland: a population-based studyJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009R. Sund Abstract Background Fragile X syndrome is a common inheritable cause of intellectual disability (ID) and is characterised by a large number of CGG repeats at the gene FMR1 located on the X-chromosome. It has been reported that this genetic mechanism may protect against malignant transformations. Methods We extracted from the Finnish registry on persons with ID a cohort of 302 persons with a fragile X diagnosis during 1982,1986. Follow-up for cancer incidence was performed in the Finnish Cancer Registry until the end of the year 2005. Results There were 11 reported cancers during the mean follow-up of 21.4 years per person. The expected number of cancers based on the average Finnish population was 13.8 and no statistically significant protective effect was detected [standardised incidence ratios (SIR) 0.80, confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.40,1.4]. An increased risk for lip cancer was found (SIR 23, CI 95% 2.8,85). Conclusions Confirmation of hypotheses about the mechanisms linking FXS and cancer needs further research. [source] Cancer incidence among people with intellectual disabilityJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001K. Patja Abstract The aim of the present study was to address the unresolved question of the risk of neoplasms among people with intellectual disability (ID). A total of 2173 individuals with ID from a large, representative, nation-wide population study conducted in Finland in 1962 were followed-up for cancer incidence between 1967 and 1997. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were defined as ratios of observed to expected numbers of cancer cases. Expected rates were based on national incidence rates. The observed number of cancers in the cohort (173) was close to what was expected [SIR = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.8,1.0]. There was a significantly reduced risk of cancers of the prostate (SIR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.0,0.5), urinary tract (SIR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1,0.7) and lung (SIR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4,1.0). The risk was increased in cancers of the gallbladder (SIR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1,5.8) and thyroid gland (SIR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0,4.8). The risks of lung and gallbladder cancer were lowest and highest, respectively, in those subjects with profound and severe ID, a group who also had significantly elevated SIRs for brain cancer (SIR = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.5,14.4) and testicular cancer (SIR = 9.9, 95% CI = 1.2,35.6). The incidence of cancer among people with ID was comparable with the general population, despite their low prevalence of smoking and apparently decreased diagnostic screening activity. Nevertheless, a few types of cancer carry a higher risk in the population with ID, possibly because of conditions typical among this group, such as gallstones or oesophageal reflux. [source] Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987,2003AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2008Dongmug Kang MD Abstract Background Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters. Methods Standardized morbidity odds ratio (SMORs) were used to evaluate the cancer risk in white, male firefighters compared to police and all other occupations in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry from 1986 to 2003. Firefighters and police were identified by text search of the usual occupation field. All other occupations included cases with identifiable usual occupations not police or firefighter. Control cancers were those not associated with firefighters in previous studies. Results Risks were moderately elevated among firefighters for colon cancer (SMOR,=,1.36, 95% CI: 1.04,1.79), and brain cancer (SMOR,=,1.90, 95% CI: 1.10,3.26). Weaker evidence of increased risk was observed for bladder cancer (SMOR,=,1.22, 95% CI: 0.89,1.69), kidney cancer (SMOR,=,1.34, 95% CI: 0.90,2.01), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMOR,=,1.81, 95% CI: 0.72,4.53). Conclusions These findings are compatible with previous reports, adding to the evidence that firefighters are at increased risk of a number of types of cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:329,335, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cancer incidence and mortality in aircraft maintenance workers,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2008Catherine D'Este PhD Abstract Background A cancer incidence and mortality study was conducted in response to health concerns raised by workers from F-111 aircraft deseal/reseal fuel tank maintenance programs, to determine whether personnel exposed to deseal/reseal had an excess of cancers and mortality. Methods Number of deaths and cancers for individuals involved in F-111 DSRS activities were matched against two Air Force comparison groups. Analyses were weighted to adjust for differences in age, exposure period and rank. Results Eight hundred seventy-three exposed, 7,577 comparison group one, and 9,408 comparison group two individuals were matched against death and cancer data, with 431 cancers and 431 deaths. Cancer incidence was higher in the exposed group, with marginally significant increases of 40,50% (cancer incidence rate ratio range 1.45,1.62). Exposed group mortality was significantly lower than both comparison groups, likely due to survivor bias in the exposed group (mortality rate ratio range 0.33,0.44). Conclusions On the balance of probabilities, there is an increased risk of cancer associated with participation in F-111 deseal/reseal activities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:16,23, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cancer incidence and mortality in a New Zealand community potentially exposed to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin from 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid manufactureAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2007Deborah Read Objective: To investigate whether the rates of all cancers and four cancers (soft tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) associated with dioxin exposure are higher in New Plymouth, the site of a former 2, 4, 5-T manufacturing plant, than for the rest of New Zealand. Methods: Analysis of 1970,2001 cancer data from the New Zealand Cancer Registry was undertaken for New Plymouth and the rest of New Zealand. Results: There is no evidence of an increased cancer risk apart from one period (1970-74), which falls partly outside the 1962,1987 manufacturing period if 10-year latency is assumed. For 1970-74, there was an elevated risk for all cancer incidence (SIR=111, 95% CI 104,119), and for two of the four specific cancers that are associated with dioxin exposure (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma SIR=175, 95% CI 121,246 and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia SIR=251, 95% CI 144,408). Conclusions and Implications: The results do not suggest an increased cancer risk among the New Plymouth population related to the period of 2, 4, 5-T manufacture, although the study's limitations mean the possibility of an undetectable small elevation in cancer risk cannot be excluded. Although TCDD exposure in the first few years of 2, 4, 5-T manufacture may have contributed to cancer incidence in 1970-74, unknown exposure(s) before the start of 2, 4, 5-T manufacture and chance are also possible explanations. [source] Increased cancer incidence after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidismCANCER, Issue 10 2007Saara Metso MD Abstract BACKGROUND. Concerns remain about risk of cancer after radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment for hyperthyroidism, especially in organs that concentrate iodine. The objective was to assess the long-term cancer risk from RAI treatment for hyperthyroidism. METHODS. A total of 2793 hyperthyroid patients treated with RAI at Tampere University Hospital between 1965 and 2002, and 2793 age- and sex-matched reference subjects were followed for an average of 10 years through the Finnish Cancer Registry. RESULTS. Cancer incidence among hyperthyroid patients treated with RAI was higher than in the population-based control group (118.9 vs 94.9 per 10,000 person-years, rate ratio [RR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08,1.46). Furthermore, incidence of stomach (RR, 1.75, 95% CI: 1.00,3.14), kidney (RR, 2.32; 95% CI: 1.06,5.09), and breast (RR, 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07,2.19) cancer was increased among RAI-treated patients. The relative risk of cancer increased with higher RAI dose administered. The increase in cancer incidence was statistically significant in patients treated at the age of 50,59 (RR, 1.44; 95% CI: 1.05,1.97) or older than 70 years (RR, 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05,1.82). There was a 5-year latent period after the RAI treatment before the cancer incidence began to differ between the RAI-treated hyperthyroid patients and the control group. CONCLUSIONS. Cancer incidence, especially cancer of the stomach, kidney, and breast, was higher in patients treated with RAI for hyperthyroidism. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society. [source] Cancer incidence after localized therapy for prostate cancerCANCER, Issue 5 2006Kihyuck Moon MD Abstract BACKGROUND. Second cancers may occur in patients who have undergone radiation therapy. The risk for these adverse events after therapy is uncertain. In this study, the authors examined the size and significance of the observed association between occurrences of secondary cancers 5 years after radiotherapy in a large population of men with incident prostate cancer. METHODS. Men with incident prostate cancer were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry and were distinguished by the type of treatment received, tumor stage, tumor grade, and age at diagnosis. SEER data also were used to identify occurrences of secondary cancer beginning 5 years after the date patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odds of the subsequent occurrence of other cancers associated with types of radiation therapy received and was adjusted for the type of surgery, tumor grade, stage, and patient age. RESULTS. Compared with men who received no prostate cancer-directed radiation, men who received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as their only form of radiation therapy had statistically significant increased odds of developing secondary cancers at several sites potentially related to radiation therapy, including the bladder (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.44,1.84) and rectum (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.29,1.99). Men who received EBRT also had statistically significant higher odds of developing secondary cancers at sites in the upper body and other areas not potentially related to radiation therapy, including the cecum (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10,1.70), transverse colon (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.30,2.63), brain (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.22,2.75), stomach (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09,1.75), melanoma (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.09,1.53), and lung and bronchus (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13,1.37) compared with the odds among men who received no radiation therapy. Men who received radiation therapy in the form of radioactive implants or isotopes, either in isolation or combined with beam radiation, did not have significantly different odds of secondary cancer occurring at any of the 20 most common sites. CONCLUSIONS. Patients who received with EBRT had significantly higher odds of developing second cancers both overall and in the areas that were exposed to radiation. It is noteworthy that, to the authors' knowledge, this report shows for the first time that, despite the higher doses of radiation delivered, patients who received radioactive implants had the lowest odds of developing second cancers. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society. [source] Cancer incidence in parents who lost a childCANCER, Issue 10 2002A nationwide study in Denmark Abstract BACKGROUND It has been debated whether psychological stress causes cancer, but the scientific evidence remains contradictory. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the death of a child is related to cancer risk in bereaved parents. METHODS The authors undertook a follow-up study based on national registers. All 21,062 parents who lost a child from 1980 to 1996 were recruited for the exposed cohort together with 293,745 randomly selected, unexposed parents. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the relative risk of cancer incidence up to 18 years after the bereavement. The main outcomes of interest were all incident cancers, breast carcinoma, smoking-related malignancies (International Classification of Diseases [ICD] 7 codes 140, 141, 143,149, 150, 157, 160,162, 180, and 181), alcohol-related malignancies (ICD7 codes 141, 143,146, 148,150, 155, and 161), virus/immune-related malignancies (ICD7 codes 155, 171, 191, 200,202, and 204), lymphatic/hematopoietic malignancies (ICD7 codes 200,205), and hormone related malignancies (ICD7 codes 170, 172, 175, and 177). RESULTS The authors observed a slightly increased overall cancer risk in bereaved mothers (relative risk [RR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.01,1.37; P = 0.028) at 7,18 years of follow-up. There was an increased risk for smoking-related malignancies (RR, 1.65; 95%CI, 1.05,2.59; P = 0.010) among bereaved mothers during the 7,18 years of follow-up. The authors observed no significantly increased relative risk of breast carcinoma, alcohol-related malignancies, virus/immune-related malignancies, or hormone-related malignancies. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that the death of a child was associated with a slightly increased overall cancer risk in mothers and that the increase may be related to stress-induced adverse life styles. Cancer 2002;95:2237,42. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10943 [source] Cancer among Hispanic women in South Florida: An 18-year assessmentCANCER, Issue 8 2002A report from the Florida Cancer Data System Abstract BACKGROUND The Hispanic population now represents the majority of residents in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The authors present cancer incidence and mortality data for South Florida's Hispanic women for the period 1990,1998 and compare these data to previously reported data from 1981,1989. Cancer incidence, risk, and mortality data should reflect current population distribution, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors so that cancer prevention and control activities are informed optimally. METHODS The study population consisted of all women with malignant disease during 1981,1998 from Miami-Dade County found in the Florida Cancer Data System data base; patients were divided into 2 9-year periods for analysis. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were computed for common disease sites; rates for Hispanic women were compared with the rates for non-Hispanic white (NHW) women as standardized rate ratios (SRR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Incidence and mortality trends were analyzed using linear regression. RESULTS Over 70,000 cancer incidents were analyzed. The overall decreased cancer risk for Hispanic women (SRR, 0.65; 95%CI, 0.64,0.67), compared with NHW women, remained essentially constant over the two study periods. Cancer incidence increased similarly for the two racial-ethnic groups. The incidence of lung carcinoma increased in both groups, becoming the second most common disease site for NHW women and the third most common disease site for Hispanic women. CONCLUSIONS The decreased relative cancer risk for Hispanic women in South Florida has remained stable over the past 18 years. Lung carcinoma is increasing among women in both racial-ethnic groups. Cancer 2002;95:1752,8. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10834 [source] Increased death risk and altered cancer incidence pattern in patients with isolated or combined autoimmune primary adrenocortical insufficiencyCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Sophie Bensing Summary Objectives, Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is mostly caused by an autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. The disease may appear isolated or as a part of an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS). APS1 is a rare hereditary disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. In APS2, primary adrenocortical insufficiency is often combined with autoimmune thyroid disease and/or type 1 diabetes. We analysed mortality and cancer incidence in primary adrenocortical insufficiency patients during 40 years. Data were compared with the general Swedish population. Design and patients, A population based cohort study including all patients with autoimmune primary adrenocortical insufficiency (3299) admitted to Swedish hospitals 1964,2004. Measurements, Mortality risk was calculated as the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and cancer incidence as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). Results, A more than 2-fold increased mortality risk was observed in both women (SMR 2·9, 95% CI 2·7,3·0) and men (SMR 2·5, 95% CI 2·3,2·7). Highest risks were observed in patients diagnosed in childhood. SMR was higher in APS1 patients (SMR 4·6, 95% CI 3·5,6·0) compared with patients with APS2 (SMR 2·1, 95% CI 1·9,2·4). Cancer incidence was increased (SIR 1·3, 95% CI 1·2,1·5). When tumours observed during the first year of follow-up were excluded, only the cancer risk among APS1 patients remained increased. Cause-specific cancer incidence analysis revealed significantly higher incidences of oral cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and male genital system cancer among patients. Breast cancer incidence was lower than in the general population. Conclusions, Our study shows a reduced life expectancy and altered cancer incidence pattern in patients with autoimmune primary adrenocortical insufficiency. [source] Tanning and Cutaneous MalignancyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2008SHERRIF F. IBRAHIM MD BACKGROUND Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) results in a darkening of the skin known as tanning. Recently, it has been shown that tanning is a response to UVR-induced DNA damage and represents the skin's efforts to protect itself against further injury. Despite the link between UVR and cutaneous malignancy, people continue to pursue tanning from natural and artificial sources. This trend is reflected in the exponential rise in skin cancer incidence. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review our current understanding of the factors controlling the tanning response and the relationship to cutaneous carcinogenesis, as well as the impact that the multibillion dollar tanning industry has had on the practice of dermatology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extensive literature review was conducted in subjects related to tanning and the relationship to cutaneous malignancy. RESULTS Our knowledge of tanning and its effects on the skin has increased tremendously. It is clear that tanning contributes to the development of skin cancer. Despite this information, the incidence of skin cancer continues to increase exponentially. CONCLUSIONS Skin cancer poses a major public health concern and tanning remains the most modifiable risk factor in its etiology. Social, economic, and legislative issues have become tightly intertwined with the complex nature of human behavior in the continued pursuit of an activity that clearly has detrimental effects on one's health. [source] Cancer incidence in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives , a meta-analysisACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2008V. S. Catts Objective:, Controversy concerning cancer incidence in schizophrenia exists because of heterogeneous study findings. Method:, A meta-analysis was performed on standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of cancer in patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives and compared with general population samples. Results:, The pooled overall cancer incidence in patients was not significantly increased (SIR = 1.05, CI 0.95,1.15). Lung cancer incidence was slightly increased (SIR = 1.31, CI 1.01,1.71), but was reduced after adjusting for smoking prevalence. The incidence of several cancers unrelated to smoking was reduced in patients. Breast cancer rates were significantly increased in female patients. The pooled overall cancer incidence in siblings (SIR = 0.89, CI 0.84,0.94) and parents (SIR = 0.90, CI 0.88,0.93) was significantly reduced. A meta-regression detected a significant relationship between cancer risk in the general population and relative risk in patients. Conclusion:, The meta-analysis aided exploration of inconsistent study findings. There is a discrepancy between cancer risk exposure and cancer incidence in schizophrenia consistent with a protective effect. [source] Somatic mutant frequency at the HPRT locus in children associated with a pediatric cancer cluster linked to exposure to two superfund sitesENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 4 2005Pamela M. Vacek Abstract The somatic mutant frequency (Mf) of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene has been widely used as a biomarker for the genotoxic effects of exposure but few studies have found an association with environmental exposures. We measured background Mfs in 49 current and former residents of Dover Township, New Jersey, who were exposed during childhood to industrially contaminated drinking water. The exposed subjects were the siblings of children who developed cancer after residing in Dover Township, where the incidence of childhood cancer has been elevated since 1979. Mfs from this exposed group were compared to Mfs in 43 age-matched, presumably unexposed residents of neighboring communities with no known water contamination and no increased cancer incidence. Statistical comparisons were based on the natural logarithm of Mf (lnMF). The mean Mf for the exposed group did not differ significantly from the unexposed group (3.90 × 10,6 vs. 5.06 × 10,6; P = 0.135), but unselected cloning efficiencies were higher in the exposed group (0.55 vs. 0.45; P = 0.005). After adjustment for cloning efficiency, lnMf values were very similar in both groups and age-related increases were comparable to those previously observed in healthy children. The results suggest that HPRT Mf may not be a sensitive biomarker for the genotoxic effects of environmental exposures in children, particularly when substantial time has elapsed since exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Risk factors for severe infection in patients with hairy cell leukemia: a long-term study of 73 patientsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Ghandi Damaj Abstract Although the survival of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been improved by the therapeutic introduction of interferon , and purine analogs, it is still worsened by complications such as severe infections. In this long-term study, we identified factors influencing patient outcomes in 73 patients with HCL. Median age at diagnosis was 53 yr and the gender ratio (M/F) was 2.3. At the time of HCL diagnosis, 60 patients (82%) were symptomatic and 22 of these had an infection. After a median follow-up of 13 yr, eight patients had died of secondary cancer (n = 2), HCL progression (n = 1) and age-related complications (n = 5). The 10-yr overall survival (OS), progression-free survival and relapse rates were 91 ± 3%, 14 ± 5% and 87 ± 5%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, age >53 yr was the only factor adversely influencing OS and secondary cancer incidence, with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 9.30 (95%CI, 1.15,76.6; P = 0.037) and 2.80 (95%CI, 1.05,7.71; P = 0.04), respectively. Eleven patients developed severe infections. Absolute lymphocyte count (<1 × 109/L) at diagnosis was the only factor influencing the occurrence of severe infections, with an adjusted HR of 4.01 (P = 0.007). Strikingly, we did not observe any significant correlation between neutrophil or monocyte counts and the incidence of infection. We confirmed long-term survival in HCL but found a high incidence of infection , even late in the course of the disease. The absolute lymphocyte count at diagnosis is a risk factor for the occurrence of severe infections. In addition to careful monitoring of infections, prompt initiation of anti-HCL treatment should be considered in patients with low lymphocyte counts. [source] A Bayesian Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Interaction Model: An Application to Prostate Cancer IncidenceGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2008Hoon Kim During the past three decades, prostate cancer incidence has changed substantially in the United States. A fully Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal interaction model is proposed to estimate prostate cancer incidence rates in the state of Iowa. We introduce random spatial effects to capture the local dependence among regions, random temporal effects to explain the nonlinearity of rates over time, and random spatio-temporal interactions. In addition, we introduce fixed age effects because most epidemiologic data are strongly related to age. We find that prostate cancer incidence in Iowa counties increased sharply over age while incidence rates increased initially, then decreased over time. We identify hot spots of high and low rates for age groups and time periods using disease mapping. [source] Geographic Pathology of Helicobacter pylori GastritisHELICOBACTER, Issue 2 2005Yi Liu ABSTRACT Background and aim.,Helicobacter pylori is etiologically associated with gastritis and gastric cancer. There are significant geographical differences between the clinical manifestation of H. pylori infections. The aim of this study was to compare gastric mucosal histology in relation to age among H. pylori -infected patients from different geographical areas using the same grading system. The prevalence of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were also compared with the respective gastric cancer incidence in the different countries. Methods., A total of 1906 patients infected with H. pylori from seven countries were evaluated. Entry criteria included H. pylori positive cases with antral and corpus biopsies between the ages of 18 and 75 years. The minimum number of cases required from a country was 100. Hematoxylin-eosin stained biopsies from antrum and corpus were scored semiquantitatively using the parameters suggested by the Sydney Classification System. Statistical evaluation was performed using Krusakal-Wallis test and Spearman's rank correlation test. Results., The severity of gastric atrophy varied among the different groups with the highest scores being present in Japan. The lowest scores were found in four European countries and in Thailand. The scores for intestinal metaplasia were low in general except for Xi-an, Japan, and Shanghai. For all the countries, the presence of atrophy in the antrum correlated well (r = 0.891) with the incidence of gastric cancer. Conclusion., Using a standardized grading system in a large study of H. pylori -related geographic pathology, we found major differences in the overall prevalence and severity of H. pylori gastritis in relation to age. These differences mirrored the respective incidences of gastric cancer in those geographical areas. [source] Age at Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Comparison of Two Areas with Contrasting Risk of Gastric CancerHELICOBACTER, Issue 3 2004M. Constanza Camargo ABSTRACT Background.,Helicobacter pylori infection is usually acquired during childhood and is a known risk factor for the development of gastric malignancies in adulthood. It has been reported that early age at first infection may determine a neoplastic outcome in adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children residing in areas with high (Pasto) and low risk (Tumaco) of gastric cancer in Colombia to evaluate whether differences in the age of acquisition of H. pylori infection were present in the two populations. Materials and Methods., The study sample was based on a census taken in 1999. Using the 13C-urea breath test, we compared the prevalence of H. pylori infection among children aged 1,6 years. Results., Among 345 children in Pasto, 206 (59.7%) were H. pylori -positive, compared with 188 (58.6%) among 321 children in Tumaco. The two populations share a common pattern of very early age at infection and marked increase in prevalence during the first 4 years of life. No differences in any one year were observed when comparing the two groups. Conclusions., The prevalence of infection was similarly high and increased with age in both populations. In these populations the age of acquisition of H. pylori after 1 year of age does not appear to be a primary factor responsible for the differences in the rates of gastric cancer incidence in adults. Previous findings in adults showed lower prevalence of the most virulent genotypes in Tumaco compared to Pasto, and bacterial virulence may play a key role in determining cancer outcome. [source] Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Asia: genetic epidemiology of BRCA1 and BRCA2,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 6 2002Alexander Liede Abstract Ethnic differences in cancer incidence and mortality result from differences in genetic and epidemiologic risk factors. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for a small proportion of all breast cancer cases, but for a much higher proportion of cases with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been identified in individuals of many races and ethnic groups and the frequency of mutations varies between these groups. Some of the differences in cancer risk between populations may be the result of founder mutations in these genes. The cost and time required for mutation analysis are reduced considerably when founder mutations are identified for a specific ethnic group. The BRCA2 999del5 mutation in Iceland and three BRCA mutations in Ashkenazi Jews are well characterized. However, considerably less is known about the contribution of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes outside of European groups. Studies conducted on the Asian populations described here have expanded our current knowledge of genetic susceptibility and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer rates in Asian populations. Hum Mutat 20:413,424, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Citrus consumption and cancer incidence: the Ohsaki cohort studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 8 2010Wen-Qing Li Abstract Basic research and case,control studies have suggested that citrus consumption may protect against cancer. However, the protective effect has been observed from few prospective studies. This study investigated the association of citrus consumption with cancer incidence among 42,470 Japanese adults in the Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort, which covered an age range of 40,79 years, and was followed up from 1995 to 2003 for all-cancer and individual cancer incidence. Citrus consumption was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs. During the 323,204 person-years of follow-up, 3,398 cases were identified totally. Citrus consumption, especially daily consumption, was correlated with reduced all-cancer incidence, the RRs were 0.89 (95% CI = 0.80,0.98) for total participants, 0.86 (0.76,0.98) for males and 0.93 (0.79,1.09) for females, as well as multiple cancers at individual sites, especially pancreatic (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38,1.00) and prostate cancer (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41,0.97). Joint effect analysis showed a reduced risk of overall cancer existed only for subjects who consumed ,1 cup green tea/day (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73,0.93) as well as for males (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.71,0.97) or females (RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68,0.99). These findings suggest that citrus consumption is associated with reduced all-cancer incidence, especially for subjects having simultaneously high green tea consumption. Further work on the specific citrus constituents is warranted, and clinical trials are ultimately necessary to confirm the protective effect. [source] Prostate cancer and PSA among statin users in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trialINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2010Teemu J. Murtola Abstract Decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer has been reported among men using statins. However, the evidence on overall prostate cancer risk is conflicting. We compared the relative risk between current users and non-users of statins or other cholesterol-lowering medications in a population undergoing systematical prostate cancer screening. The study cohort comprised of 23,320 men participating in the screening arm of the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial during 1996,2004. Information on medication use was obtained from a comprehensive national prescription database. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for prostate cancer. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was compared between current users and non-users of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Compared with medication non-users, the overall prostate cancer incidence was decreased among statin users [HR 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63,0.89]. The inverse association was dose-dependent with cumulative amount of statin use, and strongest for low-grade and early stage tumors. The incidence was nonsignificantly lower also among users of other types of cholesterol-lowering drugs (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.28,1.38), but without dose-dependence. Age-adjusted median serum PSA tended to be lower among users of cholesterol-lowering drugs, but the relative risk decrease among statin users was not related to decreased PSA. Overall incidence of prostate cancer was lowered among statin users when bias due to differential PSA testing between medication users and non-users was eliminated by systematical prostate cancer screening. Cholesterol-lowering with statins seems beneficial for prostate cancer prevention. [source] Changing cancer incidence in Kampala, Uganda, 1991,2006INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2010Donald Maxwell Parkin Abstract Incidence rates of different cancers have been calculated for the population of Kyadondo County (Kampala, Uganda) for a 16-year period (1991,2006). This period coincides with continuing social and lifestyle changes and the peak and subsequent wane of the epidemic of HIV-AIDS. There has been an overall increase in the risk of cancer during the period in both sexes, with the incidence rates of cancers of the breast and prostate showing particularly marked increases (4.5% annually). Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men. The incidence of cancer of the esophagus, formerly the most common cancer in men and second in frequency in women, has remained relatively constant, whereas the incidence of cancer of the cervix, the most common malignancy in women, continues to increase. Since the early 1990s the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in men has declined, and while remaining relatively constant in women, it has been diagnosed at progressively later ages. The rates of pediatric KS have declined by about 1/3rd. The incidence of squamous cell cancers of the conjunctiva has also declined since the mid 1990s. Cancer control in Uganda, as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, involves meeting the challenge of emerging cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (large bowel, breast and prostate); although the incidence of cancers associated with poverty and infection (liver, cervix, esophagus) shows little decline, the residual burden of the AIDS-associated cancers remains a major burden. [source] Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohortINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2009Nina Føns Johnsen Abstract The evidence concerning the possible association between physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer is inconsistent and additional data are needed. We examined the association between risk of prostate cancer and physical activity at work and in leisure time in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. In our study, including 127,923 men aged 20,97 years from 8 European countries, 2,458 cases of prostate cancer were identified during 8.5 years of followup. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, we investigated the associations between prostate cancer incidence rate and occupational activity and leisure time activity in terms of participation in sports, cycling, walking and gardening; a metabolic equivalent (MET) score based on weekly time spent on the 4 activities; and a physical activity index. MET hours per week of leisure time activity, higher score in the physical activity index, participation in any of the 4 leisure time activities, and the number of leisure time activities in which the participants were active were not associated with prostate cancer incidence. However, higher level of occupational physical activity was associated with lower risk of advanced stage prostate cancer (ptrend = 0.024). In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis of an inverse association between advanced prostate cancer risk and occupational physical activity, but we found no support for an association between prostate cancer risk and leisure time physical activity. © 2009 UICC [source] The effect of smoking on the male excess of bladder cancer: A meta-analysis and geographical analysesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2009Marjolein Hemelt Abstract Smoking is considered the primary risk factor for bladder cancer. Although smoking prevalence and bladder cancer incidence vary around the world, bladder cancer is on average 4 times more common in males than in females. This article describes the observed male,female incidence ratio of bladder cancer for 21 world regions in 2002 and 11 geographical areas during the time period 1970,1997. A meta-analysis, including 34 studies, was performed to ascertain the increased risk for bladder cancer in males and females when smoking. The summary odds ratios (SORs) calculated in the meta-analysis were used to estimate the male,female incidence ratio of bladder cancer that would be expected for hypothetical smoking prevalence scenarios. These expected male,female incidence ratios were compared with the observed ratios to evaluate the role of smoking on the male excess of bladder cancer. The male,female incidence ratio of bladder cancer was higher than expected worldwide and over time, based on a smoking prevalence of 75% in males, 10% in females and an increased risk (SOR) of bladder cancer associated with smoking of 4.23 for males and 1.35 for females, respectively. This implied that, at least in the Western world, smoking can only partially explain the difference in bladder cancer incidence. Consequently, other factors are responsible for the difference in bladder cancer incidence. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Exploring the cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer in China in anticipation of clinical trial resultsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2009Jennifer M. Yeh Abstract Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection, the leading causal risk factor, can reduce disease progression, but the long-term impact on cancer incidence is uncertain. Using the best available data, we estimated the potential health benefits and economic consequences associated with H. pylori screening in a high-risk region of China. An empirically calibrated model of gastric cancer was used to project reduction in lifetime cancer risk, life-expectancy and costs associated with (i) single lifetime screening (age 20, 30 or 40); (ii) single lifetime screening followed by rescreening individuals with negative results and (iii) universal treatment for H. pylori (age 20, 30 or 40). Data were from the published literature and national and international databases. Screening and treatment for H. pylori at age 20 reduced the mean lifetime cancer risk by 14.5% (men) to 26.6% (women) and cost less than $1,500 per year of life saved (YLS) compared to no screening. Rescreening individuals with negative results and targeting older ages was less cost-effective. Universal treatment prevented an additional 1.5% to 2.3% of risk reduction, but incremental cost-effectiveness ratios exceeded $2,500 per YLS. Screening young adults for H. pylori could prevent one in every 4 to 6 cases of gastric cancer in China and would be considered cost-effective using the GDP per capita threshold. These results illustrate the potential promise of a gastric cancer screening program and provide rationale for urgent clinical studies to move the prevention agenda forward. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||