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Cancer Death (cancer + death)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	94%
3 Other Domains	6%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Oncology & Radiotherapy	53%
General & Internal Medicine	6%
15 Other Subdomains	35%

Kinds of Cancer Death

gallbladder cancer death

lung cancer death

Terms modified by Cancer Death

cancer death worldwide

Selected Abstracts

Serum Insulin-like Growth Factors, Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3, and Risk of Lung Cancer Death: A Case-control Study Nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study

CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2002
Kenji Wakai
To elucidate the roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the development of lung cancer, we conducted a case-control study nested within the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Serum samples were collected at baseline from 39 140 men and women between 1988 and 1990. We measured serum IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in 194 case subjects who subsequently died from lung cancer during an 8-year follow-up and in 9351 controls. The odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for smoking and other covariates, were smaller with higher levels of IGF-II and IGFBP-3. The ORs across quartiles were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27,0.63), 0.47 (0.31,0.71), and 0.67 (0.46,0.98) for IGF-II (trend P=0.018), and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37,0.81), 0.54 (0.36,0.82), and 0.67 (0.45,1.01) for IGFBP-3 (trend P=0.037). These peptides were not independently related to lung cancer risk when mutually adjusted. The risk was increased in the highest vs. the lowest quartile of IGF-I only after controlling for IGFBP-3 (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.08,2.81). Limiting subjects to those followed for ,3 years strengthened the negative associations of IGF-II and IGFBP-3, whereas the ORs for IGF-I generally decreased. A higher level of circulating IGFBP-3 and/or IGF-II may decrease lung cancer risk. Elevated serum IGF-I may increase the risk, but this could partly be attributable to latent tumors. [source]

Dietary Habits and Risk of Lung Cancer Death in a Large-scale Cohort Study (JACC Study) in Japan by Sex and Smoking Habit

CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2001
Kotaro Ozasa
Lung cancer has increased and is the leading cause of cancer death among Japanese males. The associations of dietary habits with the risk of lung cancer death were evaluated by sex and smoking habits in this study. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study, a cohort established in 1988,90 and consisting of 42 940 males and 55 308 females was observed for lung cancer deaths up to the end of 1997. During the observation period, 446 males and 126 females died of lung cancer. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used as the baseline survey. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. Among males, a high intake of ham and sausages, cheese, green-leafy vegetables, oranges, and other fruits significantly and dose-dependently decreased the risk of lung cancer death. Among females, a high intake of miso-soup, ham and sausages, and liver significantly and almost dose-dependently increased the risk. Vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidative and carcinogenic agents reduced the risk of lung cancer deaths among male smokers more than among female nonsmokers. The results among female nonsmokers were partially consistent with the hypothesis that high fat consumption increases the risk of lung cancer, especially that of adenocarcinoma. [source]

Decrease in Risk of Lung Cancer Death in Males after Smoking Cessation by Age at Quitting: Findings from the JACC Study

CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 8 2001
Kenji Wakai
To evaluate the impact of smoking cessation in individuals and populations, we examined the decrease in risk of lung cancer death in male ex-smokers by age at quitting in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Sponsored by Monbusho (JACC Study), which was initiated from 1988 to 1990 in Japan. For simplicity, subjects were limited to male non-smokers, and former/current smokers who started smoking at ages 18-22, and 33 654 men aged 40-79 years were included. We modeled the mortality rates in non-smokers and current smokers, and compared the rates in ex-smokers with those expected from the model if they had continued smoking. During the mean follow-up of 8.0 years, 341 men died from lung cancer. The mortality rate ratio for current smokers, compared to non-smokers, was 5.16, and those for ex-smokers who had quit smoking 0-4, 5-9,10-14,15-19 and >20 years before were 4.84, 3.19, 2.03,1.29 and 0.99, respectively. The functions of 3.20×l0 -7×(age)45 and 1.96×lO -5×(age-29.6)4.5 fitted the observed mortality rates (per 100 000 person-years) in non-smokers and continuing smokers, respectively. A greater decrease in lung cancer mortality was estimated among those who quit smoking at younger ages. Stopping smoking earlier in life appears preferable to keep the individual risk low. The absolute rate, however, substantially decreased after smoking cessation even in those who quit at ages 60-69, reflecting the high mortality rate among continuing smokers in the elderly. [source]

Earlier Use of Aggressive Therapy Could Prevent One-third of Bladder Cancer Deaths

CA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 3 2009
Mary Desmond Pinkowish News & Views Editor
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Anti-Smoking Efforts Cut Lung Cancer Deaths

CA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 6 2003
Article first published online: 31 DEC 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Shift in the burden of cancer towards older people , a retrospective population-based study

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 6 2007
S. Ahmad
Summary Cancer is age-related. However, oncology and palliative medicine services focus on the needs of younger and middle-aged adults. This study examined trends in cancer deaths across age in Wales over the last 20 years. All Wales death certificates from 1981 to 2001 were examined for total and cancer deaths. Place of death and age were noted. Total deaths decreased from 35 015 in 1981 to 32 966 in 2001 while cancer deaths increased from 7369 (21.1% of all deaths) to 8292 (25.2%). Deaths due to cancer increased in the over 85 years from 9.1% to 13.1%, 75,84 years (17.1,25.2%), 65,74 years (25,35.7%), 45,64 years (33.5,40.4%) and fell from 18.3% to 16.1% in those under 44 years. Cancer deaths over 75 years increased from 33.6% of cancer deaths in 1981 to 50.1% in 2001. Cancer deaths in the community decreased from 2713 in 1981 to 2153 in 2001 and increased in hospital from 4398 to 5185 and care homes from 258 to 954. The increase in hospital cancer deaths is mainly because of 75,84 year olds (1207,1840), and the over 85 years (294,740). Half of all cancer deaths are now in those over 75 years. Cancer deaths have shifted from the community to hospital and care homes mainly because of cancer in older people. Services need to be developed to target this population. [source]

Managing obstruction of the central airways

INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2010
J. P. Williamson
Abstract Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in Australia, Europe and the USA. Up to 20,30% of these cancers eventually affect the central airways and result in reduced quality of life, dyspnoea, haemoptysis, post-obstructive pneumonia and ultimately death. Non-malignant processes may also lead to central airway obstruction and can have similar symptoms. With the development of newer technologies, the last 20 years have seen the emergence of the field of interventional pulmonology to deal specifically with the diagnosis and management of thoracic malignancy, including obstruction of the central airways. This review discusses the pathology, pre-procedure work-up and management options for obstructing central airway lesions. Several treatment modalities exist for dealing with endobronchial pathology with local availability and expertise guiding choice of treatment. While the literature lacks large, multicentre, randomized studies defining the optimal management strategy for a given problem, there is growing evidence from numerous case studies of improved physiology, of quality of life and possibly of survival with modern interventional techniques. [source]

Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and the risk of gallbladder cancer death: A prospective cohort study in Japan

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2008
Kiyoko Yagyu
Abstract Gallbladder cancer is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis, and few risk factors have been identified to date. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the association of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with the risk of gallbladder cancer death. A baseline survey in 45 areas throughout Japan was conducted from 1988 to 1990 using a self-administered questionnaire, and a total of 113,496 participants (65,740 women) aged 40,89 years at entry were followed for 15 years. During the follow-up period, 165 gallbladder cancer deaths (95 women) were observed. Among women, the hazard ratio (HR) [95 percent confidence interval: 95% CI] of current smoker was 2.00 [0.91,4.42], when adjusted for age and drinking. There was no clear association between alcohol consumption and the risk. Among men, HR of current smoker was 2.27 [1.05,4.90]. HRs of those who smoked 21 cigarettes or more per day and those with 801,1,000 cigarette-years were 3.18 [1.18,8.53] and 3.44 [1.40,8.45], respectively, and positive linear associations were observed between that risk and the number of cigarettes per day (p for trend = 0.007) or "cigarette-years" (p for trend = 0.012). The alcohol dose was linearly associated with risk (p for trend = 0.004), where the HR among those who consumed 72.0 g or more of alcohol per day was 3.60 [1.29,9.85]. Among both men and women, cigarette smoking may elevate the risk of death from gallbladder cancer. Drinking may pose an elevated risk among men, but that seems to be less true among women. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Role for dipeptidyl peptidase IV in tumor suppression of human non small cell lung carcinoma cells

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 6 2004
Umadevi V. Wesley
Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. Lung cancers produce a variety of mitogenic growth factors that stimulate tumor cell proliferation and migration. The cell surface protease, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), is involved in diverse biologic functions, including peptide-mediated cellular growth and differentiation. DPPIV is expressed in various normal tissues, including lung tissue, and its expression is lost in many types of human cancers. DPPIV expression and its enzymatic activity are detected in normal bronchial and alveolar epithelium but different histologic subtypes of lung carcinomas lose DPPIV expression. To investigate the role of DPPIV in lung carcinoma, we examined the expression of DPPIV at both mRNA and protein levels in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and normal human bronchial epithelial cells. DPPIV expression was detectable in normal lung epithelial cells, but was absent or markedly reduced in all NSCLC cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. Restoration of DPPIV expression in NSCLC cells resulted in profound morphologic changes, inhibition of cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, in vitro cell migration and tumorigenicity in nude mice. DPPIV reexpression also correlated with increased p21 expression, leading to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G1 stage. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of cell surface proteins, fibroblast-activating protein (Fap,) and CD44 that are associated with suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, DPPIV functions as a tumor suppressor, and its downregulation may contribute to the loss of growth control in NSCLC cells. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Clinical value of p53, c-erbB-2, CEA and CA125 regarding relapse, metastasis and death in resectable non-small cell lung cancer

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2003
Marina Pollán
Abstract The prognostic value of p53 and c-erbB-2 immunostaining and preoperative serum levels of CEA and CA125 was investigated in a prospective multicentric study including 465 consecutive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with resectable tumors. Four end-points were used: lung cancer death, first relapse (either locoregional or metastasis), loco-regional recurrence and metastasis development. Standard statistical survival methods (Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression) were used. The specificity of the prognostic effect across different types of tumors was also explored, as had been planned in advance. Our results showed, once again, that pathological T and N classifications continue to be the strongest predictors regarding either relapse or mortality. Three of the studied markers seemed to add further useful information, however, but in a more specific context. For example, increased CEA concentration defined a higher risk population among adenocarcinomas but not among people with squamous tumors; and p53 overexpression implied a worse prognosis mainly in patients with well differentiated tumors. The analysis of type of relapse proved to be very informative. Thus, CA125 level was associated with a worse prognosis mainly related with metastasis development. Another interesting result was the influence of smoking, which showed a clear dose-response relationship with the probability of metastasis. For future studies, we recommend the inclusion of different endpoints, namely considering the relationship of markers with the type of relapse involved in lung-cancer recurrence. They can add useful information regarding the complex nature of prognosis. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Updated Japanese Urological Association Guidelines on prostate-specific antigen-based screening for prostate cancer in 2010

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 10 2010
The Committee for Establishment of the Guidelines on Screening for Prostate Cancer
Abstract The exposure rate of screening for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in Japan is still very low compared with that in the USA or western Europe. The mortality rate of prostate cancer will increase in the future and in 2020 it will be 2.8-fold higher than in 2000. Therefore, there is an urgent need to determine the best available countermeasures to decrease the rate of prostate cancer death. PSA screening, which can reduce the risk of death as a result of prostate cancer, should be offered to all men at risk of developing prostate cancer with fact sheets showing updated benefits and drawbacks of screening for prostate cancer. [source]

Per-operative frozen section examination of pelvic nodes is unnecessary for the majority of clinically localized prostate cancers in the prostate-specific antigen era

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2000
Yoshiyuki Kakehi
Abstract Background: The incidence of unsuspected lymph node metastasis seems to be decreasing in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era. It remains controversial as to whether routine pelvic lymph node dissection and per-operative frozen section examination should be performed. In addition, it is still unclear whether an aggressive approach to local disease by surgery or irradiation confers survival benefits on stage D1 patients. Methods: Eighty-eight consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent pelvic lymph node dissection prior to radical prostatectomy during the period between 1985 and 1998 were analyzed. The incidence of lymph node metastases after 1992 was compared with that before 1992. Sensitivity and specificity of frozen section examination was assessed. Progression-free survival and cause-specific survival curves of node-positive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were estimated by the Kaplan,Meier method. Results: Six of 17 patients (35.3%) treated before 1992 and five of 71 patients (7.0%) treated after 1992 showed unsuspected lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0059). Eight of 11 node-positive patients underwent radical prostatectomy and two have so far demonstrated clinical progression and cancer death with a median follow-up period of 63 months. The 5 year progression-free rate and the cause-specific survival rate for these patients were 71.4 and 85.7%, respectively. Sensitivity of frozen section examination for micrometastasis and gross-metastasis cases, respectively, was 3/6 (50%) and 4/4 (100%), while specificity was 85/85 (100%). Conclusions: The incidence of unsuspected lymph node metastases has been significantly decreased in the PSA era. Frozen section examination of pelvic nodes can be omitted and radical prostatectomy is an acceptable choice of treatment in patients without macroscopically apparent nodal metastases. [source]

A bladder preservation regimen using intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: A prospective study

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 2 2000
Naoto Miyanaga
Abstract Background: A prospective study was performed to investigate combined treatment with intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiation therapy for bladder preservation in locally invasive bladder cancer. Methods: Patients with invasive bladder cancer, stage T2,3N0M0, were included in the study. Intra-arterial chemotherapy was performed with three injections of methotrexate and cisplatin at 3-week intervals. Simultaneously, the patients underwent X-ray irradiation (40 Gy) of the small pelvic space. Where a post-treatment transurethral resection (TUR) biopsy showed no residual tumor, the tumor site was irradiated by a 30 Gy proton beam and the bladder was preserved. Where tumors remained, radical cystectomy was performed. Results: Between 1990 and 1996, 42 patients were treated according to this protocol. Post-treatment TUR biopsy and urine cytology showed no residual tumors in 39 of 42 cases (93%). The bladder was preserved in accordance with the study protocol in 36 cases. A median follow-up of 38 months showed 3-year non-recurrence in 72% of bladder-preserved patients and the rate of bladder preservation was 84%. The nine recurrences included eight cases of superficial bladder recurrence. One cancer death occurred among the bladder-preservation patients, giving 3-year survival and cause-specific survival rates of 84% and 100%, respectively. Although bladder function decreased slightly in compliance, bladder capacity was retained in almost all cases. Conclusions: This regimen is useful for bladder preservation in T2,3 locally invasive bladder cancer. Information from more cases and the results of more long-term observations are needed, as is an evaluation of appropriate subject selection and factors associated with quality of life issues, particularly regarding bladder function. [source]

Dose-response efficacy of caraway (Carum carvi L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant profile in rat colon carcinogenesis

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 8 2006
Muthaiyan Kamaleeswari
Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and its prevention is of great interest throughout the world. This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of different doses of dietary caraway (Carum carvi L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant profile in rat colon carcinogenesis. Wistar male rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed a modified pellet diet for the whole of 30 weeks. To induce colon cancer, rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a dose of 20 mg kg,1 (based on body weight) for the first 15 weeks. Caraway was supplemented every day orally at doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg kg,1 for different groups of rats for the total period of 30 weeks. All rats were sacrificed at the end of 30 weeks, the colons were examined visually for masses and were subsequently evaluated histologically. The results showed diminished levels of intestinal, colonic and caecal LPO products, such as conjugated dienes (CD), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and also the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) in DMH treated rats, which were significantly reversed (P < 0.05) on caraway supplementation. Moreover, enhanced activity of intestinal, colonic and caecal glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and colonic ascorbic acid and ,-tocopherol levels were observed in carcinogen-treated rats, which were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on caraway supplementation. Thus, our study showed that caraway supplementation at a dose of 60 mg kg,1 had a modulatory role on tissue LPO, antioxidant profile and prevented DMH-induced histopathological lesions in colon cancer rats. [source]

Influence of glutathione- S -transferase theta (GSTT1) and mu (GSTM1) gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility of hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan,

JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 4 2010
Chia-Chun Kao MD
Abstract Background and Objectives Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer death in Taiwan. Genetic polymorphism has been reported as a factor for increased susceptibility of HCC. Glutathione- S -transferases theta (GSTT1) and mu (GSTM1) play essential roles in detoxification of ingested xenobiotics and modulation of the susceptibility of gene-related cancer. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationships between these two gene polymorphisms and HCC risk and clinicopathological status in Taiwanese. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine gene polymorphisms of 102 patients with HCC and 386 healthy controls. Results Both gene polymorphisms were not associated with the clinical pathological status of HCC and serum levels of liver-related clinical pathological markers. While no relationship between GSTM1 gene polymorphism and HCC susceptibility was found, individuals of age <56 years old with GSTT1 present genotype have a risk of 2.77-fold (95% CI: 1.09,7.09) for HCC compared to that with null variant, after adjustment for other confounders. Conclusions GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes do not associate with increased risk of HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:301,307. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Retropubic versus perineal radical prostatectomy in early prostate cancer: Eight-year experience

JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 6 2007
Gianni Martis MD
Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer death. A randomized study was performed on patients with localized prostate cancer and treated with radical prostatectomy using the perineal or the retropubic approach comparing oncological outcomes, cancer control, and functional results. Study Design Between 1997 and 2004, in a randomized study 200 patients underwent a radical prostatectomy performed by retropubic (100 patients) or perineal (100 patients) approach. Results Differences between hospital stay, duration of catheter drainage, intraoperative blood loss, and transfusion requirements were statistically significant in favor of perineal prostatectomy. Differences between positive surgical margins and urinary continence in the two groups were not statistically significant at 6 and 24 months. Differences between erectile function at 24 months were statistically significant in favor of retropubic prostatectomy. Conclusions Radical perineal prostatectomy is an excellent alternative approach for radical surgery in the treatment of early prostate cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007; 95: 513,518. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Silibinin inhibits the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-2,

MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS, Issue 3 2004
Shu-Chen Chu
Abstract Cancer metastasis, involving multiple processes and various cytophysiological changes, is a primary cause of cancer death and may complicate the clinical management, even lead to death. Silibinin is a flavonoid antioxidant and wildly used for its antihepatotoxic properties and recent studies have revealed pleiotropic anticancer and antiproliferative capabilities of silibinin. In this study, we first observed that silibinin exerted a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on the invasion and motility, but hardly on the adhesion, of highly metastatic A549 cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. To look at the precise involvement of silibinin in cancer metastasis, A549 cells were treated with silibinin at various concentrations, up to 100 ,M, for a defined period and then subjected to gelatin zymography, casein zymography and Western blot to investigate the impacts of silibinin on metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), respectively. The results showed that a silibinin treatment may decrease the expressions of MMP-2 and u-PA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and enhance the expression of TIMP-2. Further analysis with semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that silibinin may regulate the expressions of MMP-2 and u-PA on the transcriptional level while on the translational or post-translational level for TIMP-2. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Associations of factor VIIIc, D-dimer, and plasmin,antiplasmin with incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2009
Aaron R. Folsom
To examine the associations of three understudied hemostatic factors,D-dimer, factor VIIIc, and plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complex,with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all cause mortality in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis cohort. Hemostatic factors were measured at baseline in 45,84-year-old patients (n = 6,391) who were free of clinically recognized CVD. Over 4.6 years of follow-up, we identified 307 CVD events, 207 hard coronary heart disease events, and 210 deaths. D-dimer, factor VIIIc, and PAP were not associated with CVD incidence after adjustment for other risk factors. In contrast, each factor was associated positively with total mortality, and D-dimer and factor VIIIc were associated positively with cancer mortality. When modeled as ordinal variables and adjusted for risk factors, total mortality was greater by 33% (95% CI 15,54) for each quartile increment of D-dimer, 26% (11,44) for factor VIIIc, and 20% (4,38) for PAP. This prospective cohort study did not find D-dimer, factor VIIIc, or PAP to be risk factors for CVD. Instead, elevated levels of these three hemostatic factors were associated independently with increased risk of death. Elevated D-dimer and factor VIIIc were associated with increased cancer death. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Lung cancer and regular use of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 4 2008
Judith P. Kelly RN
Abstract Purpose Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US. There is evidence of a reduced risk of some cancer sites associated with use of aspirin (ASA) and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs). Our objective was to examine the association of regular use of ASA and NANSAIDs with lung cancer. Methods A hospital-based case,control study of 1884 incident cases of lung cancer and 6251 controls with noncancer diagnoses. Use of ASA and NANSAIDs was considered ,regular' if it occurred on ,4,days/week and lasted for ,3,months. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results The OR for regular use of ASA was 1.1 (0.9,1.4), and the corresponding estimate for regular NANSAID use was 1.0 (0.7,1.3). There was no evidence of decreased risk within strata of age, sex, years of education, or interview year. Examining the association within strata of duration of use, recency of use, cigarette smoking status, pack-years of cigarette smoking, or histologic type of cancer produced no ORs significantly different from 1.0. Conclusions The hypothesis that regular use of ASA or NANSAIDs reduces the risk of lung cancer is not supported by the present data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

One agent, many diseases: Exposure-response data and comparative risks of different outcomes following silica exposure,

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2005
Kyle Steenland
Abstract Background Evidence in recent years indicates that silica causes lung cancer, and probably renal disease, in addition to its well-known relationship to silicosis. There is also suggestive evidence that silica can cause arthritis and other auto-immune diseases. Silica has, therefore, joined a handful of other toxic exposures such as tobacco smoke, dioxin, and asbestos which cause multiple serious diseases. Methods The available exposure-response data for silica and silicosis, lung cancer, and renal disease are reviewed. We compare the corresponding excess risks (or absolute risks in the case of silicosis) of death or disease incidence by age 75 for these three diseases, subsequent to a lifetime (45 years) of exposure to silica at current US standard (0.1 mg/m3 respirable crystalline silica). Results The absolute risk of silicosis, as defined by small opacities greater than or equal to ILO classification 1/1 on an X-ray, ranges from 47% to 77% in three cohort studies with adequate follow-up after employment. The absolute risk of death from silicosis is estimated at 1.9% (0.8%,2.9%), based on a pooled analysis of six cohort studies. The excess risk of lung cancer death, assuming US male background rates, is 1.7% (0.2%,3.6%), based on a pooled analysis of ten cohort studies. The excess risk of end-stage renal disease (assuming male background rates) is 5.1% (2.2%,7.3%), based on a single cohort. The excess risk of death from renal disease is estimated to be 1.8% (0.8%,9.7%), based on a pooled analysis of three cohorts. Conclusions Keeping in mind that the usual OSHA acceptable excess risk of serious disease or death for workers is 0.1%, it is clear that the current standard is far from sufficiently protective of workers' health. Perhaps surprisingly, kidney disease emerges as perhaps a higher risk than either mortality from silicosis or lung cancer, although the data are based on fewer studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48:16,23, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Cancer mortality among French Atomic Energy Commission workers

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2004
M. Telle-Lamberton
Abstract Background All causes and cancer mortality of 58,320 workers employed at the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) between 1946 and 1994 were compared with that of the general population in a retrospective cohort study. Methods Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) were computed with reference to the French national population. Results Between 1968 and 1994, 4,809 deaths occurred. A healthy worker effect is observed for men (SMR,=,0.57, CI90%,=,[0.56;0.59]) and for women (SMR,=,0.72, CI90%,=,[0.67;0.77]). Nine sites of cancer death were found to be in statistically significant deficit among men, none among women. An excess of pleural cancers is observed among men (SMR,=,1.79, CI90%,=,[1.27;2.45]) and of malignant melanoma (SMR,=,1.50, CI90%,=,[1.04;2.11]). An excess of breast cancer is observed among women on the borderline of significance (SMR,=,1.14, CI90%,=,[0.94;1.37]). Conclusions Excesses observed will have to be related to occupational exposures in the on-going cohort study on French nuclear workers which includes a retrospective exposures assessment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:34,44, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Determinants of colorectal cancer screening behavior among Chinese Americans

PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
Ellen J. Teng
Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Chinese Americans and is the third leading cause of cancer death in this population. The objectives of this study were to determine the rates of CRC screening (via fecal occult blood test (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSIG), and colonoscopy) among Chinese Americans and predictors of utilizing these screening procedures. Participants (N=206) completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing cancer screening behaviors and beliefs about perceived risk of developing cancer and treatment efficacy. A series of logistic regressions indicated that physician recommendation to obtain CRC screening significantly predicted whether Chinese Americans undergo FOBT, FSIG, or colonoscopy screening (p<0.001). Acculturation and perceived risk of developing CRC did not predict obtaining any of the screening procedures. FOBT was the most commonly reported screening method used by respondents (65%), followed by FSIG (54%) and colonoscopy (49%). These findings highlight the need to make physicians more aware of the impact their recommendations have in determining CRC screening behavior among Chinese Americans. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer: the evidence

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 11 2009
Seyed S. Dianat
OBJECTIVE Prostate cancer is still the most frequent noncutaneous male malignancy and is the second most common cause of cancer death. Genetic factors have been extensively studied in different countries. In addition, numerous genome,wide association studies have been performed in developed countries. Genetic tests will be applied in the near future for diagnosis, therapeutic, and prognostic significance. Therefore, we reviewed the association of several important pathways and genes with critical functions in prostate cancer development or progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a PubMed® search using several key words such as prostate cancer, names of important genes with critical function, and polymorphisms. Then, we reviewed retrieved articles as well as relevant articles from 1997 to 2009. RESULTS There are conflicting results of studies on some gene polymorphisms in association with prostate cancer. Most of the inconsistent results have been reported in studies investigating the vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in association with prostate cancer. Genes related to angiogenesis and cell adhesion genes are more promising. Following results of future studies, the use of antibodies blocking over-expressed genes or proteins may be supported in patients with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS The difference between the results of studies on gene polymorphisms in prostate cancer may be explained partly by ethnic differences, limited sample size, and other risk or protective factors modifying these effects. Genome-wide studies are currently performed in developed countries and extensive use of this type of analysis may merit consideration in other countries. Furthermore, future studies are needed to further investigate environmental and diet factors interactions with genetic factors. [source]

A trial of 3 interventions to promote colorectal cancer screening in African Americans

CANCER, Issue 4 2010
Daniel S. Blumenthal MD
Abstract BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. CRC incidence and mortality rates are higher among blacks than among whites, and screening rates are lower in blacks than in whites. For the current study, the authors tested 3 interventions that were intended to increase the rate of CRC screening among African Americans. METHODS: The following interventions were chosen to address evidence gaps in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guide to Community Preventive Services: one-on-one education, group education, and reducing out-of-pocket costs. Three hundred sixty-nine African-American men and women aged ,50 years were enrolled in this randomized, controlled community intervention trial. The main outcome measures were postintervention increase in CRC knowledge and obtaining a screening test within 6 months. RESULTS: There was substantial attrition: Two hundred fifty-seven participants completed the intervention and were available for follow-up 3 months to 6 months later. Among completers, there were significant increases in knowledge in both educational cohorts but in neither of the other 2 cohorts. By the 6-month follow-up, 17.7% (11 of 62 participants) of the Control cohort reported having undergone screening compared with 33.9% (22 of 65 participants) of the Group Education cohort (P = .039). Screening rate increases in the other 2 cohorts were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that group education could increase CRC cancer screening rates among African Americans. The screening rate of <35% in a group of individuals who participated in an educational program through multiple sessions over a period of several weeks indicated that there still are barriers to overcome. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society. [source]

Providing inbuilt economic resilience options,,

CANCER, Issue S12 2008
An obligation of comprehensive cancer care
Abstract For many, a cancer death in the family is the immediately obvious part of what is actually a double devastation. Overwhelming financial damage also results for many families, from the cost of medical care and from the loss of earning power by the patient and family. For some families, the consequences may be multigenerational and can affect the health of the survivors. Although this situation is not limited to cancer, the authors argue that oncology can take a lead in attending to these consequences of cancer as an integral part of its commitment to comprehensive cancer care. They make this case for both the national and the international settings. They also articulate and illustrate the notion of inbuilt options for economic resilience (IERs), which the authors suggest the medical industry, and its cancer care sectors in particular, should be providing to all patients and their families if they are at risk for damaging financial losses. After describing key features to IER, the authors illustrate it with 1 type of approach for households of the terminally ill: hospice care with provision of supplementary training and certification to the family caregiver. Such programming could generate a low-technology, semiskilled healthcare service economy as trained family caregivers provide support to other households in need, thereby both providing a recovery option for themselves and reduced economic devastation to the households which, by receiving the services, can stay in the workforce. Finally, the authors call for invigorated research on the economic impact of cancer on families and for the modeling, demonstration, and study of options for economic resilience, including IER programs. Cancer 2008;113(12 suppl):3548,55. © 2008 American Cancer Society. [source]

Perceived family history risk and symptomatic diagnosis of prostate cancer

CANCER, Issue 8 2008
The North Carolina Prostate Cancer Outcomes study
Abstract BACKGROUND. Prostate cancer (PrCA) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among US men. African American (AA) men remain at significantly greater risk of PrCA diagnosis and mortality than other men. Many factors contribute to the experienced disparities. METHODS. Guided by the Health Belief Model, the authors surveyed a population of AA and Caucasian men newly diagnosed with PrCA to describe racial differences in perceived risk of PrCA and to examine whether 1) perceived high risk predicts greater personal responsibility for prostate care; and 2) greater personal responsibility for prostate care predicts earlier, presymptomatic diagnosis. Multivariate general linear modeling was performed. RESULTS. The authors found that men with a PrCA family history appreciated their increased risk, but AA men with a family history were less likely to appreciate their increased risk. Nevertheless, neither reporting a PrCA family history nor perceived increased risk significantly predicted screening and preventive behaviors. Furthermore, higher physician trust predicted increased likelihood to have regular prostate exams and screening, indicating that the racial differences in seeking prostate care may be mediated through physician trust. Expressed personal responsibility for screening and more frequent preventive behaviors were associated with more frequent screening diagnoses, fewer symptomatic diagnoses, and less frequent advanced cancers. CONCLUSIONS. Together, these results indicate that appreciating greater risk for PrCA is not sufficient to ensure that men will intend, or be able, to act. Increased trust in physicians may be a useful, central marker that efforts to reduce disparities in access to medical care are succeeding. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society. [source]

Decrease in risk of lung cancer death in Japanese men after smoking cessation by age at quitting: Pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies

CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007
Kenji Wakai
To evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on individuals and populations, we examined the decrease in risk of lung cancer death in male ex-smokers by age at quitting by pooling the data from three large-scale cohort studies in Japan. For simplicity, subjects were limited to male never smokers and former or current smokers who started smoking at ages 18,22 years, and 110 002 men aged 40,79 years at baseline were included. During the mean follow-up of 8.5 years, 968 men died from lung cancer. The mortality rate ratio compared to current smokers decreased with increasing attained age in men who stopped smoking before age 70 years. Among men who quit in their fifties, the cohort-adjusted mortality rate ratios (95% confidence interval) were 0.57 (0.40,0.82), 0.44 (0.29,0.66) and 0.36 (0.13,1.00) at attained ages 60,69, 70,79 and 80,89 years, respectively. The corresponding figures for those who quit in their sixties were 0.81 (0.44,1.48), 0.60 (0.43,0.82) and 0.43 (0.21,0.86). Overall, the mortality rate ratio for current smokers, relative to non-smokers, was 4.71 (95% confidence interval 3.76,5.89) and those for ex-smokers who had quit smoking 0,4, 5,9, 10,14, 15,19, 20,24 and ,25 years before were 3.99 (2.97,5.35), 2.55 (1.80,3.62), 1.87 (1.23,2.85), 1.21 (0.66,2.22), 0.76 (0.33,1.75) and 0.67 (0.34,1.32), respectively. Although earlier cessation of smoking generally resulted in a lower rate of lung cancer mortality in each group of attained age, the absolute mortality rate decreased appreciably after stopping smoking even in men who quit at ages 60,69 years. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 584,589) [source]

Bowel movement frequency, medical history and the risk of gallbladder cancer death: A cohort study in Japan

CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 8 2004
Kiyoko Yagyu
Few risk factors for gallbladder cancer have been identified with sufficient statistical power, because this cancer is rare. The present study was conducted to evaluate the association of bowel movement frequency and medical history with the risk of death from gallbladder cancer using the data set from a large-scale cohort study. A total of 113,394 participants (42.0% males), aged 40 to 89 years, were followed up for 11 years. Information on the medical history of selected diseases, history of blood transfusions, frequency of stools, and tendency toward diarrhea at baseline was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR). During the follow-up period, a total of 116 deaths (46 males, 70 females) from gallbladder cancer were identified. After adjustments for age and gender, history of hepatic disease (HR: 2.28; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.24,4.21), frequency of stool, and tendency toward diarrhea (HR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08-0.83) were found to be significantly associated with the risk of death from gallbladder cancer. Compared with those who had a stool at least once a day, the HR was 2.06 (95% Cl: 0.82,5.18) for those who had a stool less than once in 6 days (P for trend=0.050). In this prospective study, constipation and a history of hepatic disease were found to elevate the risk of gallbladder cancer death, whereas a tendency toward diarrhea diminished it. [source]

Smoking and Risk of Premature Death among Middle-aged Japanese: Ten-year Follow-up of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (JPHC Study) Cohort I

CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002
Megumi Hara
To update the evidence on the association between smoking and mortality, we analyzed data from a population-based prospective study in Japan. In total, 19 950 men and 21 534 women aged 40,59 who reported their smoking history and had no serious disease at baseline survey were followed. During 1990,1999, 1014 men and 500 women died. Smokers were associated with an unhealthy life-style. Relative risks (RRs) for selected cause of death due to smoking were slightly attenuated by adjusting for possible confounding factors. Age- and area-adjusted RRs of male current smokers compared with never smokers were 1.66 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.40, 1.95) for all causes, 1.69 (1.31, 2.18) for all cancers, 1.67 (1.20, 2.34) for all circulatory system disease, and 1.63 (1.24, 2.15) for other causes, while those of females were 2.03 (1.52, 2.73), 2.06 (1.35, 3.15), 2.99 (1.75, 5.11), 1.31 (0.69, 2.51), respectively. After adjusting for multivariate variables, the corresponding RRs of male smokers were 1.55 (1.29, 1.86), 1.61 (1.20, 2.15), 1.41 (0.97, 2.03), and 1.61 (1.17, 2.19), against 1.89 (1.36, 2.62), 1.83 (1.14, 2.95), 2.72 (1.45, 5.07), and 1.39 (0.71, 2.73) for females. Twenty-two percent of death from all causes, 25% of all cancer, and 17% of all circulatory system disease deaths, could be attributed to cigarette smoking in males, and 5%, 4%, and 11% in females, respectively. Cumulative dose as indicated by pack-years was clearly associated with cancer death. These findings provided information as to the quantitative risk for premature death due to smoking among middle-aged Japanese men and women, and showed that the elevated risk was not explained by the unhealthy lifestyle of smokers. [source]