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Calibration Data (calibration + data)
Terms modified by Calibration Data Selected AbstractsHYDROCARBON SEEPAGE AND CARBONATE MOUND FORMATION: A BASIN MODELLING STUDY FROM THE PORCUPINE BASIN (OFFSHORE IRELAND)JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2005J. Naeth This study assesses whether the growth of deep water carbonate mounds on the continental slope of the north Atlantic may be associated with active hydrocarbon leakage. The carbonate mounds studied occur in two distinct areas of the Porcupine Basin, 200 km offshore Ireland, known as the Hovland-Magellan and the Belgica areas. To evaluate the possible link between hydrocarbon leakage and mound growth, we used two dimensional cross-section and map-based basin modelling. Geological information was derived from interpretation of five seismic lines across the province as well as the Connemara oilfield. Calibration data was available from the northern part of the study area and included vitrinite reflectance, temperature and apatite fission track data. Modelling results indicate that the main Jurassic source rocks are mature to overmature for hydrocarbon generation throughout the basin. Hydrocarbon generation and migration started in the Late Cretaceous. Based on our stratigraphic and lithologic model definitions, hydrocarbon migration is modelled to be mainly vertical, with only Aptian and Tertiary deltaic strata directing hydrocarbon flow laterally out of the basin. Gas chimneys observed in the Connemara field were reproduced using flow modelling and are related to leakage at the apices of rotated Jurassic fault blocks. The model predicts significant focussing of gas migration towards the Belgica mounds, where Cretaceous and Tertiary carrier layers pinch out. In the Hovland-Magellan area, no obvious focus of hydrocarbon flow was modelled from the 2D section, but drainage area analysis of Tertiary maps indicates a link between mound position and shallow Tertiary closures which may focus hydrocarbon flow towards the mounds. [source] Aerial photosieving of exposed gravel bars for the rapid calibration of airborne grain size mapsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 6 2010Stephen J. Dugdale Abstract In recent years, fluvial remote sensing has seen considerable progress in terms of methods capable of system scale characterisation of river catchments. One key development is automated grain size mapping. It has been shown that high resolution aerial photography can be used to automatically produce grain size maps over entire rivers. However, current aerial grain size mapping procedures all require field calibration data. The collection of such data can be costly and problematic in the case of remote areas. This paper presents a method developed to remove the need for field based calibration data. Called ,aerial photosieving', this method consists of using the same very high resolution aerial imagery intended for grain size map production to visually measure particle sizes on-screen in order to provide calibration data. The paper presents a rigorous comparison of field-based photosieving calibration data and aerial photosieving calibration data. Statistical tests are used to demonstrate that aerial photosieving gives similar results when compared with field-based data with only a slight systematic overprediction. The new aerial photosieving method therefore simplifies the overall procedure required for the production of grain size maps and thus improves the cost-effectiveness and potential availability of this new fluvial remote sensing technology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd. [source] Predicting pasture root density from soil spectral reflectance: field measurementEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010B. H. KUSUMO This paper reports the development and evaluation of a field technique for in situ measurement of root density using a portable spectroradiometer. The technique was evaluated at two sites in permanent pasture on contrasting soils (an Allophanic and a Fluvial Recent soil) in the Manawatu region, New Zealand. Using a modified soil probe, reflectance spectra (350,2500 nm) were acquired from horizontal surfaces at three depths (15, 30 and 60 mm) of an 80-mm diameter soil core, totalling 108 samples for both soils. After scanning, 3-mm soil slices were taken at each depth for root density measurement and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) analysis. The two soils exhibited a wide range of root densities from 1.53 to 37.03 mg dry root g,1 soil. The average root density in the Fluvial soil (13.21 mg g,1) was twice that in the Allophanic soil (6.88 mg g,1). Calibration models, developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR) of the first derivative spectra and reference data, were able to predict root density on unknown samples using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. The root density predictions were more accurate when the samples from the two soil types were separated (rather than grouped) to give sub-populations (n = 54) of spectral data with more similar attributes. A better prediction of root density was achieved in the Allophanic soil (r2 = 0.83, ratio prediction to deviation (RPD ) = 2.44, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV ) = 1.96 mg g ,1) than in the Fluvial soil (r2 = 0.75, RPD = 1.98, RMSECV = 5.11 mg g ,1). It is concluded that pasture root density can be predicted from soil reflectance spectra acquired from field soil cores. Improved PLSR models for predicting field root density can be produced by selecting calibration data from field data sources with similar spectral attributes to the validation set. Root density and soil C content can be predicted independently, which could be particularly useful in studies examining potential rates of soil organic matter change. [source] Lignin turnover in an agricultural field: from plant residues to soil-protected fractionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006D. P. Rasse Summary Lignin has long been suspected to be a major source of stable carbon in soils, notably because of the recalcitrant nature of its polyphenolic structure relative to other families of plant molecules. However, lignin turnover studies have produced conflicting results, most of them suggesting that large proportions of plant-residue lignin decompose within a year of incorporation into soils. Here, we propose a two-reservoir model where lignin in undecomposed plant residue (Lp) can either reach soil fractions where it is somewhat protected from further decomposition (Ls) or is transformed to non-lignin products. Model calibration data were obtained through compound-specific 13C isotopic analyses conducted in a zero- to 9-year chronosequence of maize monoculture after wheat in a temperate loam soil of the Paris basin. Lignin was quantified by CuO oxidation as VSC-lignin, i.e. the sum of vanillil- (V), syringyl- (S) and coumaryl-type (C) phenols. Model calibrations indicate that Lp has a turnover rate faster than 1 year and that 92% is mineralized as CO2 or transformed into other non-lignin products, while only 8% reaches the Ls fraction. Estimated turnover rate of the Ls fraction was 0.05 years,1. The model also suggested that about half of Lp was not measured because it had been excluded from the samples in the process of sieving at 5 mm. In conclusion, the model indicates that chemical recalcitrance alone is not sufficient to explain VSC-lignin turnover in soils, and that, functionally, the most relevant mechanism appears to be the transfer of VSC-lignin molecules and fragments from decomposing plant tissues to soil-protected fractions. [source] Quantitation of suspected allergens in fragrances (Part I): evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for quality controlFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Robert Shellie Abstract An evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC) was performed to assess its suitability for the analysis of volatile fragrance components, recognized by the European Commission's Scienti,c Committee on Cosmetics and other Non-food Products (SCCNFP) as possible skin sensitizers. The 24 volatile components listed by the SCCNFP were baseline-resolved or better within one 30 min analysis. High-quality calibration data for standard mixtures were obtained, with R2 > 0.998 over the concentration range 2,1000 mg/l. However, the analysis of small spiked amounts of target compounds in truly complex fragrances was problematic, due to uncertainty in component assignment. The bene,ts and limitations of GC×GC are reported, and a discussion of the proposed directions for the solution of this analysis is provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The seasonal temperature dependency of photosynthesis and respiration in two deciduous forestsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Andrew J. Jarvis Abstract Novel nonstationary and nonlinear dynamic time series analysis tools are applied to multiyear eddy covariance CO2 flux and micrometeorological data from the Harvard Forest and University of Michigan Biological Station field study sites. Firstly, the utility of these tools for partitioning the gross photosynthesis and bulk respiration signals within these series is demonstrated when employed within a simple model framework. This same framework offers a promising new method for gap filling missing CO2 flux data. Analysing the dominant seasonal components extracted from the CO2 flux data using these tools, models are inferred for daily gross photosynthesis and bulk respiration. Despite their simplicity, these models fit the data well and yet are characterized by well-defined parameter estimates when the models are optimized against calibration data. Predictive validation of the models also demonstrates faithful forecasts of annual net cumulative CO2 fluxes for these sites. [source] Recalibration methods to enhance information on prevalence rates from large mental health surveysINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH, Issue 1 2005N. A. Taub Abstract Comparisons between self-report and clinical psychiatric measures have revealed considerable disagreement. It is unsafe to consider these measures as directly equivalent, so it would be valuable to have a reliable recalibration of one measure in terms of the other. We evaluated multiple imputation incorporating a Bayesian approach, and a fully Bayesian method, to recalibrate diagnoses from a self-report survey interview in terms of those from a clinical interview with data from a two-phase national household survey for a practical application, and artificial data for simulation studies. The most important factors in obtaining a precise and accurate ,clinical' prevalence estimate from self-report data were (a) good agreement between the two diagnostic measures and (b) a sufficiently large set of calibration data with diagnoses based on both kinds of interview from the same group of subjects. From the case study, calibration data on 612 subjects were sufficient to yield estimates of the total prevalence of anxiety, depression or neurosis with a precision in the region of ±2%. The limitations of the calibration method demonstrate the need to increase agreement between survey and reference measures by improving lay interviews and their diagnostic algorithms. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Improved slice selection for R2* mapping during cryoablation with eddy current compensation,JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 1 2008Aiming Lu PhD Abstract Purpose To improve the slice profile and image quality of R2* mapping in the iceball during cryoablation with ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging by compensating for eddy currents induced by the selective gradient when half-pulse radiofrequency (RF) excitation is employed to achieve UTEs. Materials and Methods A method to measure both B0 and linear eddy currents simultaneously is first presented. This is done with a least-square fitting process on calibration data collected on a phantom. Eddy currents during excitation are compensated by redesigning the RF pulse and the selective gradient accordingly, while that resultant from the readout gradient are compensated for during image reconstruction. In vivo data were obtained continuously during the cryoablation experiments to calculate the R2* values in the iceball and to correlate them with the freezing process. Results Image quality degradation due to eddy currents is significantly reduced with the proposed approaches. R2* maps of iceball throughout the cryoablation experiments were achieved with improved quality. Conclusion The proposed approaches are effective for compensating eddy currents during half-pulse RF excitation as well as readout. TEs as short as 100 ,sec were obtained, allowing R2* maps to be obtained from frozen tissues with improved quality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:190,198. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Validation of a real-time PCR for the quantitative estimation of a G143A mutation in the cytochrome bc1 gene of Pyrenophora teresPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 3 2007Arash Kianianmomeni Abstract A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cytochrome b gene confers resistance to strobilurin fungicides for several fungal pathogens. Therefore, on the basis of a change at amino acid position 143 from glycine to alanine, a real-time PCR assay was established for the quantitative detection of the analogous SNP in the cytochrome b sequence of Pyrenophora teres Drechsler, which causes barley net blotch. Allelic discrimination was achieved by using allele specific primers with artificially mismatched nucleic acid bases and minor groove binding probes. Validation parameters for the lower limits of the working range, namely limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ), were statistically determined by the variance of calibration data, as well as by the variance of the 100% non-strobilurin-resistant allele DNA sample (blank values). It was found that the detection was limited by the variance of blank values (five in 801 458 copies; 0.0006%), whereas the quantification was limited by the variance of calibration data (37 in 801 458 copies; 0.0046%). The real-time PCR assay was finally used to monitor strobilurin-resistant cytochrome b alleles in barley net blotch field samples, which were already classified in in vivo biotests to be fully sensitive to strobilurins. All signals for strobilurin-resistant cytochrome b alleles were below the LOD, and therefore the results are in total agreement with the phenotypes revealed by biotests. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maizeRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 18 2006Michael Sulyok This paper describes the first validated method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maize using a single extraction step followed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) without the need for any clean-up. The 39 analytes included A- and B-trichothecenes (including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), zearalenone and related derivatives, fumonisins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, aflatoxins and moniliformin. The large number and the chemical diversity of the analytes required the application of the positive as well as the negative ion ESI mode in two consecutive chromatographic runs of 21,min each. The solvent mixture acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79,+,20,+,1 (v/v/v) has been determined as the best compromise for the extraction of the analytes from wheat and maize. Raw extracts were diluted 1,+,1 and were injected without any clean-up. Ion-suppression effects due to co-eluting matrix components were negligible in the case of wheat, whereas significant signal suppression for 12 analytes was observed in maize, causing purely proportional systematic errors. Method performance characteristics were determined after spiking blank samples on multiple levels in triplicate. Coefficients of variation of the overall process of <5.1% and <3.0% were obtained for wheat and maize, respectively, from linear calibration data. Limits of detection ranged from 0.03 to 220,µg/kg. Apparent recoveries (including both the recoveries of the extraction step and matrix effects) were within the range of 100,±,10% for approximately half of the analytes. In extreme cases the apparent recoveries dropped to about 20%, but this could be compensated for to a large extent by the application of matrix-matched standards to correct for matrix-induced signal suppression, as only a few analytes such as nivalenol and the fumonisins exhibited incomplete extraction. For deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, the trueness of the method was confirmed through the analysis of certified reference materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Telescope calibration using polarization calibration dataASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 6 2010D. Elmore Abstract This article describes the use of the telescope output Stokes vector measured during a polarization calibration to infer the properties of mirrors in the telescope itself. Polarization calibrations performed at the National Solar Observatory Dunn Solar Telescope are used to demonstrate this technique (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] | ||||||||||||||||