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Calcium Chloride (calcium + chloride)
Selected AbstractsFermentation of Cucumbers Brined with Calcium Chloride Instead of Sodium ChlorideJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Roger F. McFeeters ABSTRACT:, Waste water containing high levels of NaCl from cucumber fermentation tank yards is a continuing problem for the pickled vegetable industry. A major reduction in waste salt could be achieved if NaCl were eliminated from the cucumber fermentation process. The objectives of this project were to ferment cucumbers in brine containing CaCl2 as the only salt, to determine the course of fermentation metabolism in the absence of NaCl, and to compare firmness retention of cucumbers fermented in CaCl2 brine during subsequent storage compared to cucumbers fermented in brines containing both NaCl and CaCl2 at concentrations typically used in commercial fermentations. The major metabolite changes during fermentation without NaCl were conversion of sugars in the fresh cucumbers primarily to lactic acid which caused pH to decrease to less than 3.5. This is the same pattern that occurs when cucumbers are fermented with NaCl as the major brining salt. Lactic acid concentration and pH were stable during storage and there was no detectable production of propionic acid or butyric acid that would indicate growth of spoilage bacteria. Firmness retention in cucumbers fermented with 100 to 300 mM CaCl2 during storage at a high temperature (45 °C) was not significantly different from that obtained in fermented cucumbers with 1.03 M NaCl and 40 mM CaCl2. In closed jars, cucumber fermentations with and without NaCl in the fermentation brine were similar both in the chemical changes caused by the fermentative microorganisms and in the retention of firmness in the fermented cucumbers. [source] Effects of Calcium Chloride and Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Certain Chemical and Physical Properties of SoymilkJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2007P. Pathomrungsiyounggul ABSTRACT:, Soymilks with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) (0% to 1.2%) and calcium chloride (12.50, 18.75, and 25.00 mM Ca) were analyzed for total Ca, Ca ion concentration, pH, kinematic viscosity, particle diameter, and sediment after pasteurization. Higher added Ca led to significant (P, 0.05) increases in Ca ion concentration and significant (P, 0.05) decreases in pH. At certain levels of SHMP, higher concentrations of added Ca significantly increased (P, 0.05) kinematic viscosity, particle diameter, and sediment. Increasing SHMP concentration reduced Ca ion concentration, particle diameter, and dry sediment content, but reduced kinematic viscosity of samples (P, 0.05). Adding SHMP up to 0.7% influenced pH of soymilk in different ways, depending on the level of Ca addition. When the pH of Ca-fortified soymilk was adjusted to a higher level, ionic Ca decreased as pH increased. There was a negative linear relationship between the logarithm of ionic Ca concentration and the adjusted pH of the soymilk. Ionic Ca appeared to be a good indicator of thermally induced sediment formation, with little sediment being produced if ionic Ca was maintained below 0.4 mM. [source] Hydrogen Peroxide and Calcium Chloride Added to Irrigation Water as a Strategy to Reduce Bacterial Populations and Improve Quality of Fresh MushroomsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Naveen Chikthimmah ABSTRACT The quality and value of fresh mushrooms are often diminished by the presence of high bacterial populations that cause a brown, blotchy appearance. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the addition of hydrogen peroxide and/or calcium chloride to irrigation water as a means to reduce total bacterial populations on fresh mushrooms. Crops were grown using commercial mushroom growing practices except for the addition of 0.75% hydrogen peroxide and/or 0.3% calcium chloride irrigation water added to the crop starting 11 d after the casing layer was applied on top of mushroom compost. Irrigation water without the added treatments acted as the control. Mushrooms were aseptically sampled from the production beds for enumerating bacterial counts. Total aerobic bacterial populations were determined by standard microbiological plating procedures. Mushroom whiteness (L -value) and color (delta E) after harvest and postharvest storage were measured using a Minolta chromameter. Harvested mushrooms were separated by treatment and weighed to record yield. Mushrooms irrigated with water (control) had 7.3 log colony-forming units (CFU) of aerobic bacterial populations per gram of fresh mushroom tissue. Compared with the control, irrigation with 0.75% hydrogen peroxide and 0.3% calcium chloride reduced the bacterial populations on fresh mushrooms by 87% (6.4 log CFU/g). Irrigation with hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride significantly enhanced mushroom whiteness after harvest as well as after 6 d of postharvest storage at 12 °C. The irrigation treatments did not have a significant effect on crop yields; hence, the addition of hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride to irrigation water was demonstrated to have good potential as a practical strategy to reduce bacterial populations and to improve the quality of fresh mushrooms. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Base Promoted Aldol Reaction of Dimethylsilyl Enolates in Aqueous Dimethylformamide: Use of Calcium Chloride as a Lewis Base Catalyst.CHEMINFORM, Issue 27 2002Katsukiyo Miura Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Comparative evaluation of Ca chloride and Ca phosphate for extractable sulfur in soils with a wide range in pHJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2009Kanwar L. Sahrawat Abstract Deficiency of sulfur (S) is becoming widespread in the rainfed systems of India, and there is increasing need for diagnosing the deficiency. Calcium chloride and Ca phosphate are commonly used for extracting available S in soils. Because of cost and the ease of availability locally, we prefer using Ca chloride as an extractant over Ca phosphate, for extracting available S. However, there is paucity of data on the comparative evaluation of the two extractants to extract available S, especially in soils having a wide range in natural pH (from acidic to alkaline range). It is recognized that soil pH plays a dominant role in the adsorption,desorption and extractability of sulfate-S in soils. We compared the extraction of S by Ca chloride and Ca phosphate in 86 Indian soils having a wide range in pH (4.5 to 10.6). Sulfur in the extracts was determined by ICP-AES. Considering all the 86 soil samples tested, there was an excellent agreement between the values of extractable S determined by using the two extractants (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). However, the correlation coefficient (r) between the values of extractable S by the two reagents, although highly significant, varied among the groups of soil samples according to the range in soil pH. The highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001, n = 17) was found for soils with pH in the alkaline range (8.5,10.6), and the lowest correlation coefficient (r = 0.71, p < 0.0001, n = 58) was obtained with a set of soil samples with pH in the acidic range (4.5,6.5). For soil samples having pH in the near-neutral range (6.7,7.3), an excellent agreement was observed (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001, n =11) between the extractable-S values obtained by the two extractants. While Ca phosphate extracted higher amount of S compared to Ca chloride in soil samples with pH in the acidic range, the two extractants were equally effective for soil samples with pH in the neutral or alkaline range. Our results suggest that for most of the soils in the semiarid tropical regions, which have pH in the neutral to alkaline range, Ca chloride can replace Ca phosphate as an extractant for removing available S in such soils. [source] Toxicity of the molybdate anion in soil is partially explained by effects of the accompanying cation or by soil pHENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2010Jurgen Buekers Abstract Previous studies have shown that toxicity of cationic trace metals in soil is partially confounded by effects of the accompanying anions. A similar assessment is reported here for toxicity of an oxyanion, i.e., molybdate (MoO), the soil toxicity of which is relatively unexplored. Solubility and toxicity were compared between the soluble sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) and the sparingly soluble molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Confounding effects of salinity were excluded by referencing the Na2MoO4 effect to that of sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH decrease from the acid MoO3 amendment was equally referenced to a hydrochloric (HCl) treatment or a lime-controlled MoO3 treatment. The concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) in soil solution or calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01,M extracts were only marginally affected by either MoO3 or Na2MoO4 as an Mo source after 10 to 13 days of equilibration. Effects of Mo on soil nitrification were fully confounded by associated changes in salinity or pH. Effects of Mo on growth of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L) were more pronounced than those on nitrification, and toxicity thresholds were unaffected by the form of added Mo. The Mo thresholds for wheat growth were not confounded by pH or salinity at incipient toxicity. It is concluded that oxyanion toxicity might be confounded in relatively insensitive tests for which reference treatments should be included. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1274,1278. © 2010 SETAC [source] Slow desorption behavior of one highly resistant aromatic amine in Lake Macatawa, Michigan, USA, sedimentENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2005Shihua Chen Abstract The desorption behavior of benzidine from Lake Macatawa (Holland, MI, USA) sediment was investigated in this study using batch solvent extraction method. Seven solvents were tested as the extracting reagents: Deionized water (DI), calcium chloride in DI (CaCl2), sodium hydroxide in DI (NaOH), acetonitrile (ACN), a mixture of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate in DI (ACNNH4OAc), methanol (MeOH), and hydrochloric acid in DI (HCl). These solvents are proposed to react with sediment-associated benzidine by different mechanisms (e.g., cation exchange, hydrophobic partitioning, and covalent binding). Three sets of sorption isotherm experiments were conducted separately in these seven solvents with a 7-d, three-week, and two-month contact time. The results demonstrated nonlinear isotherms with Freundlich 1/n values varying from 0.25 to 0.52. The desorption behavior of benzidine in the solvents was evaluated after the sorption of benzidine onto the sediment with same contact times of 7 d, three weeks, and two months. A two-stage model subsequently was applied to simulate the experimental data. The rapidly desorbing rate constants were on the order of one to two per day for ACN, ACN-NH4OAc, and NaOH solvents, and the slowly desorbing rate constants were on the order of 10,5 to 10,4/d. Sequential desorption experiment demonstrated low total extraction efficiency of less than 40%. Both the observed sorption and desorption phenomena suggested that hysteresis and/or mass-transfer limited diffusion may result in the slow desorption behavior observed in this study. [source] Direct examination of soil for sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum using chloroform, calcium chloride and zinc sulphate as extraction reagentsEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2005G. C. M. Van Leeuwen Fields infested with Synchytrium endobioticum can be descheduled when the soil is found free from sporangia of S. endobioticum. For direct examination, EPPO Standard PM 3/59 describes a soil extraction technique based on the use of a sieve shaker with six sieves. We compared recovery of sporangia between this (modified) method and an extraction method employed by the Dutch Plant Protection Service (PPS method). Recovery was determined using an inoculum dilution series: 125, 25, 5, 1, 0.2 or 0.04 sporangia per g soil. Extraction reagents used were chloroform and calcium chloride in the method described by EPPO, calcium chloride and zinc sulphate in the PPS method. At 125 sporangia per g soil, the mean density determined for the modified EPPO method was 228 sporangia per g soil when chloroform was used. Using calcium chloride, recovery percentage was higher for the modified EPPO method than for the PPS method (286, 136%, n.s. P < 0.05). The advantage of the modified EPPO method was the larger soil volume to be processed; its disadvantages were use of complex equipment and noxious reagents (chloroform). Both extraction methods showed high variation in recovery between samples, making accurate estimation of sporangial densities in soil awkward. [source] Combustion properties of laminated veneer lumbers bonded with PVAc, PF adhesives and impregnated with some fire retardantsFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 3 2010eref Kurt Abstract In this study, the effects of impregnation materials di-ammonium phosphate, aluminium sulphate, potassium carbonate, calcium chloride, zinc chloride on combustion properties of 3 ply laminated veneer lumbers (LVL) produced from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) using phenol,formaldehyde (PF), poly (vinyl acetate) have been investigated. The pressure-vacuum method was used for impregnation process. Combustion test was performed according to the procedure of ASTM-E 69 standards. During the test, mass reduction, temperature and released gas (CO, NOX, SO2, O2) were determined every 30,s. As a result, zinc chloride was found to be the most successful fire-retardant chemical in LVL at PF adhesive. Since it diminishes combustion, the fire retardant of LVL produced from walnut using PF adhesive can be advised. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Calcium taste preferences: genetic analysis and genome screen of C57BL/6J × PWK/PhJ hybrid miceGENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 6 2008M. G. Tordoff To characterize the genetic basis of voluntary calcium consumption, we tested C57BL/6J mice (B6; with low avidity for calcium), PWK/PhJ mice (PWK; with high avidity for calcium) and their F1 and F2 hybrids. All mice received a series of 96-h two-bottle preference tests with a choice between water and the following: 50 mm CaCl2, 50 mm calcium lactate, 50 mm MgCl2, 100 mm KCl, 100 mm NH4Cl, 100 mm NaCl, 5 mm citric acid, 30 ,m quinine hydrochloride and 2 mm saccharin. Most frequency distributions of the parental and F1 but not F2 groups were normally distributed, and there were few sex differences. Reciprocal cross analysis showed that B6 × PWK F1 mice had a non-specific elevation of fluid intake relative to PWK × B6 F1 mice. In the F2 mice, trait correlations were clustered among the divalent salts and the monovalent chlorides. A genome screen involving 116 markers showed 30 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), of which six involved consumption of calcium chloride or lactate. The results show pleiotropic controls of calcium and magnesium consumption that are distinct from those controlling consumption of monovalent chlorides or exemplars of the primary taste qualities. [source] Fresh cheese from camel milk coagulated with CamiflocINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008IBTISAM E M EL ZUBEIR ABSTRACT Camel milk was processed into cheese using Camifloc and calcium chloride. Two types of cheeses were produced from camel milk, using Camifloc (CF cheese) and CaCl2 in addition to Camifloc (CFCC cheese). The study revealed the usefulness of Camifloc in coagulation of camel milk. The time of coagulation was found to be about 2,3 h, and the yield of CFCC cheese was found to be higher than the CF cheese, while a shelf life of 4 days was obtained for both cheeses. Both cheeses showed nonsignificant variations in compositional content except for the percentages of protein and ash, which showed significant differences at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05. Sensory evaluation by taste panellists was conducted to determine the acceptability of cheeses during the storage periods. Differences were found between the CF cheese and the CFCC cheese in saltiness and overall acceptability, and higher mean scores were recorded for the CF cheese than the CFCC cheese. The study recommends the use of Camifloc in making cheese from camel milk; and if CaCl2 is added, it can improve the cheese yield. However, we suggest that the rate of salting should be reduced, and further drying and storage of the cheese should be done. [source] Parametric study on the silica gel,calcium chloride composite desiccant rotary wheel employing fractal BET adsorption isothermINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 1 2005X. J. Zhang Abstract In this paper a family of new silica gel,calcium chloride composite adsorbents is presented for desiccant rotary wheel in dehumidification system. For these desiccants the water sorption equilibrium has been measured in a wide relative vapour pressure range. This experimental study shows that the vapour adsorption properties of the composites using calcium chloride as impregnated salt can be controllably modified by varying the amount of the salt inside the pores. The thermodynamic performance of such desiccant rotary wheel is analysed based on the adsorption equilibrium equations obtained through nonlinear regressions using fractal BET theory. The simulation results show that the new composite desiccants can be effectively used in a rotary wheel dehumidifier and to improve its performance, various optimum operational/system parameters have been identified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Physiological and biochemical changes of different fresh-cut mango cultivars stored at 5 °CINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Gustavo A. Gonzalez-Aguilar Summary Treatments to inhibit browning, decay and to extend shelf life of ,Keitt', ,Kent' and ,Ataulfo' mango cultivars as a fresh-cut produce were investigated. Combinations of calcium chloride (CaCl2), antioxidants [ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA)] and two commercial film coatings resulted in a reduction of browning and deterioration of fresh-cut mangoes stored at 5 °C, especially for the Ataulfo cultivar. The use of CaCl2 + AA + CA significantly reduced colour deterioration, loss of firmness and did not affect sensory characteristics of fresh-cut mango, with a larger effect in the Ataulfo cultivar. In general, these treatments prevented loss of sugar and vitamin C of cubes during storage at 5 °C. Shelf life of this cultivar was 21 days, while that of Keitt and Kent was only 9 and 12 days, respectively. There is a correlation between carotene and vitamin C content of Ataulfo mango and its longer shelf life compared with the other cultivars. [source] Prevention of enzymatic browning of apple cylinders using different solutionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2007Charles Tortoe Summary Inhibition of enzymatic browning and decay on cut surfaces of Golden Delicious apple using ascorbic acid, cysteine, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, citric acid and sodium ascorbate alone or in combinations was investigated at 4 and 10 °C for a storage period of 0, 7 and 14 days, in an attempt to find the most effective treatment. Apple segments immersed in ascorbic acid and citric acid alone showed visual traces of browning after 7 days storage at 4 °C. After 14 days storage, only ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid plus sodium chloride had moderate browning, while all other treatments were severely affected. However, at 10 °C, only ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the level of browning, although its effect was minimal after 14 days storage. Browning was more severe at 10 °C than 4 °C in all solutions. The browning measurement (a* value) became increasingly positive from 7- to 14-day storage. Microbial decay was absent in all treatments within 7 days at 4 and 10 °C. However, three test solutions showed microbial decay after 14 days storage at 10 °C in addition to the control solution, which showed decay at both 4 and 10 °C storage temperatures. [source] Internal atmosphere, quality attributes and sensory evaluation of MAP packaged fresh-cut Conference pearsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Robert Soliva-Fortuny Summary Conference pear cubes processed at partially ripe maturity could preserve an acceptable sensory quality during 3-week storage. A processing treatment consisting of a dip in 10 g L,1 ascorbic acid and 5 g L,1 calcium chloride and a packaging atmosphere of 2.5 kPa O2 + 7% CO2 preserved the overall sensory shelf life without significant changes in relation to untreated freshly prepared samples. However, high CO2 conditions were responsible for a rapid degradation of the product during the following days. Under 0 kPa O2 atmosphere, the product underwent a progressive but slight loss of flavour; but colour and firmness variations were not detected through sensory tests. [source] PORCINE PLASMA PROTEINS AS GEL ENHANCER IN BIGEYE SNAPPER (PRIACANTHUS TAYENUS) SURIMIJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2001SOOTTAWAT BENJAKUL ABSTRACT Cohn's fraction I-S from porcine plasma showed the highest transglutaminase activity, compared to fractions I. 11+III, IV, IV-l. The optimum temperature for incorporating monodancylcadaverine into dimethylated casein was 45C. Plasma transglutaminase in fraction I-S was activated by calcium chloride but was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and ammonium chloride. The addition of fraction I-S into bigeye snapper surimi resulted in a substantial increase in gel breaking force and deformation, particularly in the presence of calcium chloride and thrombin. No changes in whiteness and water holding capacity were observed in surimi gel with the addition of 0,0.5% of fraction I-S. Fraction I-S was found to catalyze nondisulfide covalent cross-linking of myosin heavy chain. The combination of endogenous and plasma transglutaminase enhanced surimi gelation. [source] POLYPHENOLOXIDASE ACTIVITY OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED ,JONAGORED' APPLES (MALUS DOMESTICA)JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 1 2005A.M.C.N. ROCHA ABSTRACT The influence of three chemical dips using ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA) and calcium chloride (CC) on the polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and on the total phenolic content of minimally processed (MP) apple (Malus domestica, cv. Jonagored) during cold storage was evaluated and a potential relationship with enzymatic browning was investigated. An ascorbic acid dip (42.6 mM) of 5 min duration was the most efficient chemical treatment in reducing the PPO activity of apple cubes. A 92% inhibition was achieved after 7 days of storage at 4C. All treatments were advantageous in comparison to the control in reducing color changes. Color changes, determined by absorbance at 420 nm (soluble pigments) and lightness (L) (insoluble pigments) of apple cubes treated with ascorbic acid were correlated with total phenolic content. No correlation was observed between PPO activity and tristimulus color parameters, browning index or total phenolic content of AA-treated apple cubes. [source] EFFECT OF COMBINED UNDERWATER PROCESSING AND MILD PRECUT HEAT TREATMENT ON THE SENSORY QUALITY AND STORAGE OF FRESH-CUT CANTALOUPE MELONJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 4 2010KAREN L. BETT-GARBER ABSTRACT Improvement of storage quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe using a combination precut heat treatment and a modified underwater cutting treatment was determined. Eating quality was evaluated using descriptive sensory analysis, and fruit integrity was measured with respiration, cell leakage and product weight loss. Treatments included (1) control (no treatment); (2) making the first longitudinal cut underwater; (3) mild precut heat treatment in a water bath at 60C for 60 min; and (4) combination of precut heat treatment and the underwater cutting methods. Precut heating and processing underwater resulted in more intense fruity/melon flavor compared to conventional processed fresh-cut fruit. Reduced electrolyte leakage and enhanced membrane integrity were observed in all three experimental treatments, as evidenced by lower conductivity measurements. The underwater cut and combined treatments significantly reduced respiration during fresh-cut storage, reflecting less physical stress and membrane damage. Weight loss was not significantly affected by any treatment during fresh-cut storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a steady increase in the consumption of fresh-cut produce. To enhance the storage quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe melon, two minimal processing techniques were examined separately and combined. The methods are mild heat treatment of the whole melon at 60C for 60 min then cooling to 4C for 24 h, cutting the cantaloupe in half and removing the seeds while submerged in a calcium chloride and water solution, and the combination of the two treatments. These methods are simple and can be utilized by small or large processors to maintain sensory quality and fruit integrity during storage. [source] Effects of Calcium Chloride and Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Certain Chemical and Physical Properties of SoymilkJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2007P. Pathomrungsiyounggul ABSTRACT:, Soymilks with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) (0% to 1.2%) and calcium chloride (12.50, 18.75, and 25.00 mM Ca) were analyzed for total Ca, Ca ion concentration, pH, kinematic viscosity, particle diameter, and sediment after pasteurization. Higher added Ca led to significant (P, 0.05) increases in Ca ion concentration and significant (P, 0.05) decreases in pH. At certain levels of SHMP, higher concentrations of added Ca significantly increased (P, 0.05) kinematic viscosity, particle diameter, and sediment. Increasing SHMP concentration reduced Ca ion concentration, particle diameter, and dry sediment content, but reduced kinematic viscosity of samples (P, 0.05). Adding SHMP up to 0.7% influenced pH of soymilk in different ways, depending on the level of Ca addition. When the pH of Ca-fortified soymilk was adjusted to a higher level, ionic Ca decreased as pH increased. There was a negative linear relationship between the logarithm of ionic Ca concentration and the adjusted pH of the soymilk. Ionic Ca appeared to be a good indicator of thermally induced sediment formation, with little sediment being produced if ionic Ca was maintained below 0.4 mM. [source] Hydrogen Peroxide and Calcium Chloride Added to Irrigation Water as a Strategy to Reduce Bacterial Populations and Improve Quality of Fresh MushroomsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Naveen Chikthimmah ABSTRACT The quality and value of fresh mushrooms are often diminished by the presence of high bacterial populations that cause a brown, blotchy appearance. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the addition of hydrogen peroxide and/or calcium chloride to irrigation water as a means to reduce total bacterial populations on fresh mushrooms. Crops were grown using commercial mushroom growing practices except for the addition of 0.75% hydrogen peroxide and/or 0.3% calcium chloride irrigation water added to the crop starting 11 d after the casing layer was applied on top of mushroom compost. Irrigation water without the added treatments acted as the control. Mushrooms were aseptically sampled from the production beds for enumerating bacterial counts. Total aerobic bacterial populations were determined by standard microbiological plating procedures. Mushroom whiteness (L -value) and color (delta E) after harvest and postharvest storage were measured using a Minolta chromameter. Harvested mushrooms were separated by treatment and weighed to record yield. Mushrooms irrigated with water (control) had 7.3 log colony-forming units (CFU) of aerobic bacterial populations per gram of fresh mushroom tissue. Compared with the control, irrigation with 0.75% hydrogen peroxide and 0.3% calcium chloride reduced the bacterial populations on fresh mushrooms by 87% (6.4 log CFU/g). Irrigation with hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride significantly enhanced mushroom whiteness after harvest as well as after 6 d of postharvest storage at 12 °C. The irrigation treatments did not have a significant effect on crop yields; hence, the addition of hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride to irrigation water was demonstrated to have good potential as a practical strategy to reduce bacterial populations and to improve the quality of fresh mushrooms. [source] Chemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Quality of Cod Products Salted in Different BrinesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Maria J. Rodrigues ABSTRACT: Studies were carried out on the effect of different brines containing high concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2, 0.8%w/w), magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 0.4%w/w), and potassium chloride (KCl, 50%) on the chemical (chloride and moisture contents), microbial (total viable counts, total coliforms, enterococci, and staphylococci), and sensory quality of salted cod. The brines were prepared from combinations of the Ca, Mg, and K ions and sodium chloride (NaCl) at pH 6.5 and 8.5. Additionally, 3 salts (one composed solely of NaCl, another commercial sea salt from the southern Europe and, finally, a natural salt from northern Europe) were also tested. Principal component analysis structured the chemical and microbiology data in 3 clusters: (1) an extreme cluster, formed by cod brined in the commercial sea salt, which achieved the highest microbiological counts, namely 4.1 log CFU/g on plate count agar (PCA) and 1250 coliforms/g; (2) an intermediate cluster composed of cod salted in brine containing 50% NaCl, 0.4% MgCl2, and 49.6% KCl (pH 6.5); and (3) a central cluster, including all the other treatments, which presented the lowest microbiological counts, namely 2.4 log CFU/g on PCA and 20 coliforms/g. Although the batches of the intermediate cluster presented slightly higher total viable and staphylococci counts than the central cluster, the presence of Mg and K ions improved the color of the salted product. In the assayed concentrations, CaCl2, MgCl2, and KCl can be used in the brining of cod without adversely affecting the microbiological and sensory quality of the salted cod. [source] Controlled release tamsulosin hydrochloride from alginate beads with waxy materialsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 12 2005Min-Soo Kim The objective of this study was to develop oral controlled release delivery systems for tamsulosin hydrochloride (TSH) using alginate beads with various waxy materials, such as Compritol 888 ATO, Precirol ATO 5 and Gelucires. The beads were prepared from sodium alginate,waxy material,TSH slurry dropped onto calcium chloride to form spherical beads. The effects of the addition of various waxy materials to alginate beads on the drug encapsulation efficiency, bead size and morphology were investigated. The drug encapsulation efficiency significantly increased with the addition of waxy materials. The TSH-loaded alginate beads with and without waxy materials were almost spherical particles with an average diameter of 1.44 and 1.22mm, respectively. In dissolution study, the TSH-loaded alginate beads with waxy materials exhibited controlled release behaviour over a 6-h period, while beads without waxy materials showed release of 100% TSH within 2h. These results may be attributed to the formation of a more rigid alginate matrix structure due to incorporated waxy materials. From the Dunnett's t -test and the f2 factor, the release of TSH from alginate beads, a similar dissolution pattern to that of the marketed product (Harunal capsules) could be achieved by adding Gelucire 50/13 into TSH-loaded alginate beads. From these results, oral controlled release of TSH could be achieved with loading in alginate beads with waxy materials, such as Compritol 888 ATO, Precirol ATO 5 and Gelucires. [source] Mixing calcium chloride with commercial fungicide formulations results in very slow penetration of calcium into apple fruitsJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004Thomas K. Schlegel Abstract Foliar applications of calcium salts are usually combined with fungicides. In the years 2002 and 2003, it was tested if this practice assures high rates of penetration of calcium. Amounts that penetrated in 24 h were measured at 20,°C using 45CaCl2. To ensure maximum penetration rates, humidity was maintained at 100,%. Sample size was 40 to 50 fruits, and data were presented as box plots because distribution of data was not normal. Median rates of penetration of CaCl2, measured with mixtures of fungicides and CaCl2 at 5 or 10 g l,1, respectively, were very slow, and amounted to only a few percent of the dose applied. Rates were a little higher with very young fruits (55 days after full bloom, DAFB). Adding alkyl polyglycoside surfactants at 0.2 g l,1 significantly decreased surface tensions, and increased rates of penetration by up to 15-fold. Still, total penetration of CaCl2 rarely exceeded 20,% of the dose applied (median penetration), even in the presence of an additional surfactant. In all treatments, outliers with 60 to 100,% penetration in 24 h occurred, and this was attributed to penetration into lenticels. This is expected to result in unequal concentrations of calcium in fruits, especially in the sub-epidermal layers. Addition of a suitable surfactant to mixtures of fungicides with CaCl2 is strongly recommended as it enhances wetting and greatly increases penetration rates of CaCl2. Mischen von Calciumchlorid mit Fungiziden resultiert in einer sehr langsamen Penetration von Calcium in Apfelfrüchte Zur Blattdüngung werden Calciumsalze meist mit Fungiziden gemischt. Es wurde untersucht, ob diese Praxis hohe Penetrationsraten für das ausgebrachte Calciumsalz gewährleistet. Die Penetration wurde mit 45CaCl2 bei 20,°C gemessen. Die Luftfeuchte betrug 100,%, so dass maximale Penetrationsraten erzielt wurden. Der Stichprobenumfang betrug 40 bis 50 Früchte. Die Ergebnisse werden als Box-Plots präsentiert, weil die Verteilung der Daten nicht normal war. Bei Mischungen von CaCl2 (5 bis 10 g l,1) mit Fungiziden betrugen die Mediane der Penetrationsraten von CaCl2 nur einige Prozent. Bei sehr jungen Früchten (55 Tage nach Vollblüte, DAFB) waren die Raten etwas höher als bei älteren. Durch Zugabe von Alkyl-Polyglykosiden (0.2 g l,1) wurden die Oberflächenspannungen der Lösungen verringert und die Penetration von Calcium bis zu 15fach erhöht. Trotzdem betrug die Penetration in 24 h nur selten mehr als 20,% der Dosis. In allen Behandlungen wurden Ausreißer beobachtet, bei denen die Penetration in 24 h 60 bis 100,% der Dosis betrug. Das wurde auf Infiltration von Lentizellen zurückgeführt. Dadurch dürfte die Calciumkonzentration in Früchten nach Spritzung mit CaCl2 nicht homogen sein, besonders nicht in den subepidermalen Schichten. Die Zugabe eines geeigneten Netzmittels zu Mischungen von Fungiziden mit CaCl2 wird empfohlen. Dadurch wird die Benetzung der Früchte verbessert, und die Penetrationsraten werden erhöht. [source] Chitosan-Pectin Composite Gel Spheres: Effect of Some Formulation Variables on Drug ReleaseMACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, Issue 1 2004Pornsak Sriamornsak Abstract Chitosan-pectin composite gel spheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. Pectin solution containing indomethacin, a model drug, was extruded into a mixture of chitosan and calcium chloride. The release behavior of indomethacin from composite gel spheres was investigated in-vitro. The influence of factors affecting release behavior, such as type of pectin, molecular weight of chitosan, cross-linking time and release medium, were discussed in this study. Adding chitosan into gelation medium could retard the release of indomethacin from gel spheres. The different type of pectin used demonstrated slightly different drug release profiles. The higher molecular weight of chitosan showed less indomethacin release than the lower one. The increased cross-linking time slowed the drug release from composite gel spheres. The release of indomethacin from composite gel spheres was also dependent on the release medium. The drug release was slower in tris buffer where no phosphate ions which can induce the precipitation of calcium phosphate. The results suggested that the composite gel spheres of pectin and chitosan could be used as a controlled release drug delivery carrier. [source] Modulation of DNA hypomethylation as a surrogate endpoint biomarker for chemoprevention of colon cancerMOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS, Issue 2 2004Lianhui Tao Abstract Surrogate end-point biomarkers are being developed as indicators of the efficacy of chemopreventive agents. These biomarkers are molecular and biological end-points that can be modulated by chemopreventive agents in accordance with their efficacy to prevent cancer. DNA hypomethylation is a common alteration found in colon tumors that has the potential of being modulated by chemopreventive agents and thus being useful as a surrogate end-point biomarker. Agents that were either effective or ineffective in preventing colon cancer were evaluated for the ability to modulate DNA hypomethylation in azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in male F344 rats. DNA methylation was determined by Dot Blot Analysis using a mouse monoclonal anti-5-methylcytosine antibody. Colon tumors had a 70% reduction in DNA methylation relative to normal colonic mucosa. DNA methylation in the tumors was increased by 7 days of treatment with agents that have been shown to prevent colon cancer (calcium chloride, ,-diflouromethylornithine [DFMO], piroxicam, and sulindac), whereas agents shown not to prevent colon cancer in rats (low dose aspirin, 2-carboxyphenyl retinamide [2-CPR], quercetin, 9- cis retinoic acid, and rutin) did not increase DNA methylation. The results suggest that the ability to reverse the DNA hypomethylation in colon tumors could be useful as a surrogate end-point biomarker for chemoprevention of colon cancer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Severe intoxication after an intentional overdose of amlodipineACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 8 2003L. Rasmussen Intoxication with 280 mg of amlodipine caused severe hypotension, third-degree heart block and hyperkalaemia in a 36-year-old female patient. The patient was initially treated with fluids, dopamine, calcium chloride, and epinephrine without effect. The patient was then given a bolus injection of insulin and glucose as a temporary mean to treat the hyperkalaemia. We observed a rise in blood pressure (BP) after insulin was given and the BP was subsequently responsive to epinephrine. A possible positive inotropic effect of insulin therapy in patients with calcium channel blocker intoxication is in accordance with previous findings. In conclusion, it is suggested that hyperinsulinaemia-euglycaemia therapy may be considered as a first-line therapy in calcium channel blocker intoxication. [source] A unique mechanism for cyclic adenosine 3,,5,-monophosphate-induced increase of 32-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in boar spermatozoa,MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2004Hiroshi Harayama Abstract A cAMP-induced increase of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins is involved in the expression of fertilizing ability in mammalian spermatozoa. We (Harayama, 2003: J Androl 24:831,842) reported that incubation of boar spermatozoa with a cell-permeable cAMP analog (cBiMPS) increased a 32-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein (TyrP32). The purpose of this study is to characterize the signaling cascades that regulate the cAMP-induced increase of TyrP32. We examined effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (lavendustin A), tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor (Na3VO4), cell-permeable calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM), and cholesterol acceptor (methyl-,-cyclodextrin: MBC) on the increase of TyrP32 and the change and loss of acrosomes in boar spermatozoa. The spermatozoa were used for detection of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence and for examination of acrosomal integrity by Giemsa staining. At least eight tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins including TyrP32 exhibited the cAMP-dependent increase during incubation with cBiMPS. In many proteins of them, this increase was reduced by lavendustin A but was enhanced by Na3VO4. In contrast, the cAMP-induced increase of TyrP32 was abolished by Na3VO4 but was hardly affected by lavendustin A. Giemsa staining showed that the increase of spermatozoa with weakly Giemsa-stained acrosomes (severely damaged acrosomes) or without acrosomes was correlative to the cAMP-induced increase of TyrP32. Moreover, the lack of calcium chloride in the incubation medium or pretreatment of spermatozoa with BAPTA-AM blocked the change and loss of acrosomes and the increase of TyrP32, suggesting these events are dependent on the extracellular and intracellular calcium. On the other hand, incubation of spermatozoa with MBC in the absence of cBiMPS could mimic the change and loss of acrosomes and increase of TyrP32 without increase of other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Based on these results, we conclude that the cAMP-induced increase of TyrP32 is regulated by a unique mechanism that may be linked to the calcium-dependent change and loss of acrosomes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 69: 194,204, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Release of potassium sorbate from active films of sodium alginate crosslinked with calcium chloridePACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 6 2009E. M. Zactiti Abstract The release of potassium sorbate from alginate films was evaluated considering different active agent concentrations in the film and three levels of alginate crosslinking. The mechanism involved in the diffusional process was investigated using the Power Law Model. The results indicated that potassium sorbate diffusion in alginate films has characteristics of Fickian and non-Fickian behaviour. Effective diffusion coefficients obtained using the solution in series derived from Fick's Second Law are close to values obtained by the short-time solution, indicating that the influence of swelling on effective diffusivity, although perceptible, is small, allowing the use of an average effective diffusivity. The values of effective diffusivity found indicate that alginate films have a potential use as systems for release of active substances. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Quality changes of treated fresh-cut tropical fruits in rigid modified atmosphere packaging containersPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007Vanee Chonhenchob Abstract There has been increasing demand for various fresh-cut tropical fruits. However, their short shelf-life has limited the market increase of this product. Quality changes (firmness, colour, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), sensory quality and microbial safety) of fresh-cut mangoes, pineapples, melons and mixes of these fruits were evaluated. Chemical treatments to reduce browning, firmness loss and decay of fresh-cut tropical fruits were investigated. The most effective agents for fresh-cut mangoes, pineapples and melons were 0.1m ascorbic acid, 0.2m ascorbic acid and 0.2m ascorbic acid + 0.2m calcium chloride, respectively. Fresh-cut tropical fruits were packaged in various rigid containers (PET, OPS and OPLA). Gas composition in the package headspace and time to reach steady-state condition varied among fresh-cut packaging systems and affected their quality and shelf-life. The effects of package permeability of O2 and CO2 on quality and shelf-life of the fresh-cut products are discussed. Extended shelf-life was observed in fresh-cut mangoes, pineapples and mixes packaged in PET due to reduced O2 and elevated CO2 atmosphere. A modified atmosphere of 6% O2 and 14% CO2 achieved in PET extended the shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapples from 6 to 13 days. Accumulation of CO2 may impart an off-odour of fresh-cut fruits. The results suggested that the shelf-life of fresh-cut fruits could be extended by using proper rigid containers. Suitable mixes to create optimal equilibrium modified atmosphere had a potential to extend shelf-life of short shelf-life fresh-cut tropical fruits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Deterioration in mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced nylon 6,6 composites by aqueous calcium chloride mixture solutionsPOLYMER COMPOSITES, Issue 4 2009D. Manjula Dhevi In this article, nylon 6,6 (NY66) and glass fiber-(30 wt%) reinforced NY66 (GFNY66) specimens were immersed in various aqueous calcium chloride (aq. CaCl2) mixture solutions at different thermal conditions for varying intervals of time, and analyzed using attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and mechanical studies. ICP data revealed increasing concentration of absorbed Ca2+ ions with increasing immersion time resulting in disruption of intra- and intermolecular H-bonding as confirmed using ATR-IR results. From EDX data, the ratio of Ca2+ and Cl, ions absorbed by NY66 was calculated and found to follow its stoichiometric equivalence. GPC data exhibited less reduction in Mn and Mw for aq. CaCl2 -treated NY66 specimens suggesting the absence of any significant chemical degradation, but the occurrence of only physical changes involving H-bond breakage and the formation of new CO···Ca2+ dative bond in NY66 matrix. The mechanical properties of GFNY66 samples treated with various types of aq. CaCl2 solutions exhibited pronounced deterioration, possibly due to the interfacial failure between glass fiber and NY66 matrix. The results obtained from this study were quite useful toward understanding the degradation mechanism in NY66 and GFNY66 caused by various aq. CaCl2 mixture solutions, and will be helpful in improving the mechanical properties of recycled NY66. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||