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Cage System (cage + system)
Selected AbstractsMultiple Paternity and Similar Variance in Reproductive Success of Male and Female Wood Mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) Housed in an EnclosureETHOLOGY, Issue 10 2001Susan Bartmann The mating system and variance in individual reproductive success in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) were analysed genetically and using observational studies within a large cage system in an outdoor enclosure. Four experimental groups contained four males and four females, each individually marked with a transponder (small computer chips injected under the skin) allowing individual detection of animals underground or within nest boxes without disturbance. The probability of paternity was analysed by comparing frequencies of cohabitation of males and females. In addition, DNA microsatellite analysis revealed reproductive success of each individual. Multiple paternity was found in 85% of all litters, which were sired by up to all four males. Males with a greater body mass, possibly indicative of a higher rank, sired more offspring than those with lower body mass. Interestingly, variance in the reproductive success of males and females did not differ. There was no indication that paternity could be assessed by the time males resided with a female shortly before she became pregnant. Our results indicate wood mice probably have a promiscuous mating system. [source] Effects of egg weight on egg quality characteristicsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 3 2009Ahmet, ekero Abstract BACKGROUND: The experiment was carried out with total of 270 eggs, which were collected from a brown-egg layer strain of Lohmann hens reared in a cage system. Collected eggs were categorized according to weight and classified as medium, large, extra-large or jumbo. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of egg weight on egg quality characteristics. RESULTS: The darkest shell color scales were noted in jumbo eggs. The redness of egg shell color in the medium egg was significantly lower than that of the other egg sizes (P < 0.05). Egg shell thickness (P < 0.05) was highest in medium egg (0.400 mm) and lowest in extra-large egg (0.382 mm). Albumen height (AH) was significantly affected by egg weight (EW) (P < 0.01). Yolk height (YH) and yolk index (YI) increased with egg size. Breaking strength was highest in the medium-weight egg. There were significant positive correlations between EW and AH, EW and YH, EW and YI, EW and yol color, EW and redness (a), but EW had significant negative correlations with ST in overall eggs. CONCLUSION: The darkest shell color (L - a - b) was noted in the jumbo egg. Albumen height and yolk height increased with egg weight. Increase in egg weight caused darkness in the yolk color scale. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] NS13P A PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF TWO CERVICAL INTERBODY FUSION CAGESANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007M. A. Hansen Purpose For some time the surgical management of chronic back pain has utilised interbody lumbar cages. Recently interbody cages for use in the cervical spine have been produced. Cervical cages provide initial stability during the fusion process. There is little literature comparing the performance of interbody cage systems due to their relative recent introduction. Methodology Patients with symptomatic cervical degeneration or traumatic lesions were treated with the dynamic ABC 2 Aesculap anterior cervical plating system and either the B-Braun Samarys or Zimmer cage systems. A single surgeon conducted all surgery. Pre- and post-operative radiological examinations were compared. Changes in disc height at affected and adjacent levels, lordosis and evidence of fusion were recorded. Patient outcome was measured with questionnaires. The modified Oswestry neck pain disability and Copenhagen neck disability scale scores were utilised to allow comparison between patients. Results A total of 43 patients were involved in the study (30 with the Zimmer cage system and 13 with the Samarys cage). Patient follow-up has been up to 12 months. Improvement in disability scores was shown in 90% of patients. Follow up imaging did not demonstrate subsidence of the cage or adjacent instability in either group. There was no statistical difference in complication rate between the two groups. Discussion Initial stability was provided by both interbody cervical spine cage system. Rates of fusion and symptomatic relief compared favourably to fusion involving autogenous bone graft without associated morbidity. Longer follow up is necessary to determine whether there is evidence of adjacent level instability or vertebral end-plate subsidence. [source] Pigmentation, carotenoids, lipid peroxides and lipid composition of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) skin reared under open-cage conditionsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2010Noemí Tejera Abstract Pigmentation capability of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) skin reared under open sea-cage conditions and fed an astaxanthin-enriched diet was studied. Skin lipid peroxide levels and lipid composition were also evaluated to establish the antioxidant role of astaxanthin under these sunlight-exposure conditions. Fish placed either in an offshore sea cage system (SC) or in an inland tank facility (T) housed inside a ,shade-house' enclosure were fed a commercial diet supplemented with 22 mg kg,1 astaxanthin. No differences in growth or survival were found. Both groups displayed a red skin, but SC fish presented a darker pigmentation, which externally reflected the higher deposition of melanin, astaxanthin and tunaxanthin found in its skin. The lower level of lipid peroxides found in SC fish might be related with the higher level of astaxanthin mentioned above. Nevertheless, lipid and fatty acid profiles did not show significant differences between groups. Our results indicate that sustainable production of red porgy with a natural red hue is possible on the basis of proper adjustment of two factors illumination and dietary astaxanthin. [source] Influence of net cage fish cultures on the diversity of the zooplankton community in the Furnas hydroelectric reservoir, Areado, MG, BrazilAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2009Renata M Dos Santos Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the net cage system of fish culture on the composition, abundance and diversity of the zooplankton community. Comparisons were made between three collection points located near a group of 30 net cages, with individual volumes of approximately 4 m3, containing newly hatched, young and adult Nile tilapia, positioned in an arm of the Furnas hydroelectric reservoir; point 1 was in the limnetic region and points 2 and 3 were upstream and downstream of the cages, respectively, near the bank. The sampling was carried out at all three points from July to December, 2005. The composition of the zooplankton community differed among the points analysed. The lowest diversity was recorded at point 1. Point 2, upstream of the cages, was characterized by greater species richness and higher density of organisms pertaining to the Rotifera group. The results of the study suggest that variations in the composition and abundance of Rotifera and Cladocera are a consequence of the impact of net cage fish culture, although the magnitude of the variations is small. [source] Trophic state, fish community and intensive production of salmonids in Alicura Reservoir (Patagonia, Argentina)LAKES & RESERVOIRS: RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2001P. F. Temporetti Abstract The Governments of the Provinces located in Patagonia, Argentina, promote the intensive breeding of salmonids in the Andean Patagonian region. Although annual production is low (450 ton ha,1 year,1), some effects are significant. Waste produced by salmonid breeding (feed losses, faeces and excretion) increases nutrient and organic matter concentrations, which cause modifications of water quality, sediments and biota. A consequent risk is the elevation of eutrophication levels. Possible changes in water composition, sediments, algae and wild fish populations were studied. Sites affected by fish farming showed increased nutrient concentration, and phytoplankton and periphyton biomass. Chlorophyll a was similar at both sites (affected and unaffected by fish farm sites). Sediments clearly reflect fish farm waste inputs: total phosphorus and organic matter increased 12-fold and fourfold, respectively. The species present in the gill-net catches were the autochthonous Percichthys trucha, Odontesthes hatcheri, Diplomystes viedmensis, and the introduced salmonids Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta, Salmo salar sebago and Salvelinus fontinalis. About 50% of the total catch was salmonids. A major portion of the catch per unit weight was composed of rainbow trout, followed by perch. The catch per unit weight obtained for this reservoir agrees with the range of values previously determined (Quiros 1990) for Patagonian reservoirs. Compared with previous studies by Freyre et al. (1991), a variation in catch composition exists. This consists mainly of an increase in the numbers and condition of O. mykiss and a decrease in P. trucha. Presence of fish that escaped from hatcheries, recognizable by their eroded fins, was observed; particularly in a sampling station near the fish cage systems. Variations in catches could be caused by cyclical changes in fish populations (Wooton 1991), by direct and indirect effects of intensive fish farming, or by a combination of both events, and can only be understood through long-term studies of catch variation. [source] NS13P A PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF TWO CERVICAL INTERBODY FUSION CAGESANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007M. A. Hansen Purpose For some time the surgical management of chronic back pain has utilised interbody lumbar cages. Recently interbody cages for use in the cervical spine have been produced. Cervical cages provide initial stability during the fusion process. There is little literature comparing the performance of interbody cage systems due to their relative recent introduction. Methodology Patients with symptomatic cervical degeneration or traumatic lesions were treated with the dynamic ABC 2 Aesculap anterior cervical plating system and either the B-Braun Samarys or Zimmer cage systems. A single surgeon conducted all surgery. Pre- and post-operative radiological examinations were compared. Changes in disc height at affected and adjacent levels, lordosis and evidence of fusion were recorded. Patient outcome was measured with questionnaires. The modified Oswestry neck pain disability and Copenhagen neck disability scale scores were utilised to allow comparison between patients. Results A total of 43 patients were involved in the study (30 with the Zimmer cage system and 13 with the Samarys cage). Patient follow-up has been up to 12 months. Improvement in disability scores was shown in 90% of patients. Follow up imaging did not demonstrate subsidence of the cage or adjacent instability in either group. There was no statistical difference in complication rate between the two groups. Discussion Initial stability was provided by both interbody cervical spine cage system. Rates of fusion and symptomatic relief compared favourably to fusion involving autogenous bone graft without associated morbidity. Longer follow up is necessary to determine whether there is evidence of adjacent level instability or vertebral end-plate subsidence. [source] Fluoride catalyzed rearrangements of polysilsesquioxanes, mixed Me, vinyl T8, Me, vinyl T10 and T12 cagesAPPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2010M. Ronchi Abstract Insoluble mixtures of polyvinylsilsesquioxane, -(vinylSiO1.5)n - PVS, and polymethylsilsesquioxanes, -(MeSiO1.5)n - PMS, in THF at ambient when treated with catalytic amounts (1,5 mol%) of fluoride ion introduced as tBu4 NF will depolymerize and dissolve. The resulting soluble species consist of [vinylxMe8,x(SiO1.5)]8, [vinylxMe8,x(SiO1.5)]10 and [vinylxMe8,x(SiO1.5)]12. Ratios of 1:1 of PVS:PMS greatly favor formation of vinyl rich cages. Only at ratios of 1:5 are the proportions of vinyl:Me in the cages approximately equal. Of the T8, T10 and T12 species produced, all conditions tried, including changing the solvent to EtOH or toluene or at reflux (THF), favor the formation of the larger cages sometimes completely excluding formation of the T8 materials. Efforts to isolate the cage compounds by removal of solvent regenerates polysilsesquioxanes, albeit those containing mixtures of Me and vinyl groups. Introduction of CaCl2 sufficient to form CaF2 prior to workup prevents repolymerization, allowing recovery of the mixed cage systems. The approach developed here provides a novel way to form mixed functional group silsesquioxane cages. The fact that T10 and T12 cage formation is favored appears to suggest that these cages are more stable than the traditionally produced T8 cages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||