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C Peptide (c + peptide)
Selected AbstractsType 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children , an emerging problemDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 12 2000S. Ehtisham SUMMARY Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus has never previously been described in UK children, although an increasing incidence in childhood is recognized in international studies. The prevalence of obesity in UK children is increasing and is a recognized risk factor for the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize children with Type 2 diabetes in the West Midlands and Leicester. Methods Children were identified by contacting paediatricians responsible for diabetes in five hospitals. Details were collected on demographics, mode of presentation, investigations and treatment on a standard proforma. Results Eight girls were identified with Type 2 diabetes, aged 9,16 years and who were of Pakistani, Indian or Arabic origin. They were all overweight (percentage weight for height 141,209%) and had a family history of diabetes in at least two generations. They presented insidiously with hyperglycaemia and glycosuria without ketosis and five were asymptomatic. Islet cell antibodies measured in seven patients were negative. Four had acanthosis nigricans which is a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance and the other four had high plasma levels of insulin and/or C peptide. These patients are distinct from those with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). All were initially managed with dietary measures, seven have been treated with oral anti-diabetic agents of whom two have subsequently required insulin. Conclusions These are the first UK case reports of Type 2 diabetes in children. Paediatricians need to be aware of the risk of Type 2 diabetes developing in childhood in high-risk ethnic groups, particularly in association with obesity and a positive family history. [source] Specific dynamic and noninvasive labeling of pancreatic , cells in reporter miceGENESIS: THE JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2005Ahmi Ben-Yehudah Abstract Noninvasive detection of differentiated cells is increasingly demanded for accurate and reliable assessments of both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Here we present an efficient, innovative approach for imaging the , cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The main physiologic function of , cells is glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This function is facilitated through the synthesis and storage of insulin in secretory vesicles of , cells, which then release their contents when , cells are exposed to hyperglycemic conditions. To visualize , cells in vivo in the mouse, we used targeted mutagenesis techniques to construct a modified insulin II (InsII) gene allele, InsIIEGFP, that expresses a proinsulin-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion peptide. The EGFP portion of this fusion is entirely within the C-peptide portion of the proinsulin peptide. This fusion protein is processed in , cells to insulin and EGFP-tagged C peptide, which are stored together in cytoplasmic secretory vesicles. The large amount of vesicular EGFP-tagged C peptide is evident as a characteristic robust and specific fluorescence pattern in the , cells of InsIIEGFP mice. This innovative method of visualizing , cells will be a useful tool in the study of both , cell physiology and the development of the endocrine cells of the pancreas.genesis 43:166,174, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] High specificity of V3 serotyping among human immunodeficiency virus type-1 subtype C infected patients with varying disease status and viral phenotypeJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 10 2006Polly R. Walker Abstract V3 serotyping is a technique for determining HIV-1 genetic subtype based on the binding of antibodies from patient sera or plasma to synthetic V3 peptides derived from subtype consensus sequences. Variation in the performance of this assay has been attributed to V3 sequence heterogeneity, the degree of which varies with patient disease progression, virus co-receptor usage, and genetic subtype. This study assessed the performance of a competitive peptide enzyme immunoassay (cPEIA) in samples from HIV-1 subtype C infected patients with varying disease profiles, including those with syncytium (SI) and non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) viruses. Out of 90 sera tested, 94.4% reacted strongly against the subtype C peptide. There was no significant difference in assay sensitivity among samples from advanced AIDS patients in which humoral immune response may be lower, nor among SI viruses which carry changes in the V3 sequence. Four samples were found to be cross-reactive with other subtypes and one acutely infected patient sample was non-reactive due to low anti-gp120 antibody titers. A significantly higher number of samples showed secondary reactivity to subtype A, compared to other subtypes (P,<,0.005). In conclusion, the assay was able to identify HIV-1 subtype C infection with a high level of sensitivity (94%) irrespective of the stage of disease and therefore provides a valuable resource for the large-scale epidemiological monitoring of the spread of HIV-1 subtypes in South Africa. J. Med. Virol. 78:1262,1268, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effects of electrospray capillary temperature on amide hydrogen exchangeRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 9 2008Stephen J. Coales Amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange coupled with proteolysis, high-perfeomance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation and mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful tool to study protein dynamics in solution. Prior to the execution of H/D exchange experiments, various experimental parameters have to be set, including proteolysis, HPLC, and MS conditions. Here we investigate the effects of electrospray capillary temperature on deuterium retention in backbone amides of various pepsin-generated cytochrome c peptides. Lower capillary temperature generally helps retain more deuterium than higher capillary temperature. When the capillary temperature was 150°C, on average 26% more deuterium was retained than when the capillary temperature was set at 250°C. The effects of capillary temperature varied depending on the ions monitored. There was little difference in deuterium retention among different charge state species of the same peptide at 150°C. However, a lower charge state ion loses more deuterium atoms going from 150°C to 250°C than the corresponding higher charge state species. These results indicate that the capillary temperature should be optimized not only to maximize the signal-to-noise of each ion followed in H/D exchange experiments, but also to minimize the deuterium loss of the ions. Also the loss of deuterium in several ions, especially lower charge state ones, should be monitored in the optimization, as the temperature effects vary among ions and are more significant for lower charge state ions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||