JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 6 2001
ANTHONI F. AEGERTER
Methyl bromide is a highly effective fumigant used in the postharvest and quarantine treatment of tree nuts. There will be a complete phase out in the United States of America (U.S.) of methyl bromide by 2005 according to The Montreal Protocol of 1991 with the exception of preshipment and quarantine uses as stated in the 1998 Clean Air Act. This study analyzed alternative treatment scenarios. The alternatives considered were phosphine, irradiation, and controlled atmosphere storage. Costs for each scenario were developed. Cost increases with irradiation ranged from two to fourteen times the benchmark costs for methyl bromide. Controlled atmosphere storage for both commodities had cost increases ranging from 174% to 256% over methyl bromide costs. Phosphine was used only to treat almonds. Phosphine application costs were 108% and 117% above the benchmark costs for methyl bromide. [source]

Peculiarities of Electrochemical Bismuth Film Formation in the Presence of Bromide and Heavy Metal Ions

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 15 2009
Giedr, Grincien
Abstract Bi films were deposited on glassy carbon electrode from solutions with and without KBr. The morphology of both types of the films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their electrochemical behavior was studied by square wave (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Bi films were also co-deposited with common analyte-heavy-metals in the presence of KBr and these films also were characterized by SEM, SWV and CV in order to understand the formation of the mixed metal films. All films studied had a different morphology. Bromide addition made the Bi films more compact and uniform, whereas Pb catalyzed Bi film deposition. [source]

Chitosan Incorporating Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 17 2007
Xuelian Zou
Abstract Simultaneous determination of a neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acid (AA) is achieved at neutral pH on a chitosan incorporating cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was used to investigate the electrochemical response of DA and AA at a glassy carbon electrode modified with chitosan incorporating CTAB. An optimum 6.0,mmol L,1 of CTAB together with 0.5 wt% of chitosan was used to improve the resolution and the determination sensitivity. In 0.1,mol L,1 aqueous phosphate buffer solution of pH,6.8, the chitosan-CTAB modified electrode showed a good electrocatalytic response towards DA and AA. The anodic peak potential of DA shifted positively, while that of AA shifted negatively. Thus, the difference of the anodic peaks of DA and AA reached 0.23,V, which was enough to separate the two anodic peaks very well. The presented method herein could be applied to the direct simultaneous determination of DA and AA without prior treatment. The anodic peak currents (Ipa) of DPV are proportional to DA in the concentration range of 8,,M to 1000,,M, to that of AA 10,,M to 2000,,M, with correlation coefficients of 0.9930 and 0.9945, respectively. The linear range is much wider than previously reported. [source]

Synthesis of Enantiopure 1-Aryl-1-butylamines and 1-Aryl-3-butenylamines by Diastereoselective Addition of Allylzinc Bromide to Imines Derived from (R)-Phenylglycine Amide

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2004
Jan Dalmolen
Abstract The synthesis of enantiopure 1-aryl-1-butylamines via a highly diastereoselective addition of allylzinc bromide to imines derived from (R)-phenylglycine amide is reported. These are synthesised by a three-step procedure, which involves: (a) formation of the chiral imines; (b) asymmetric addition of the allylzinc reagent; (c) removal of the chiral auxiliary by means of a reductive or non-reductive method. The reductive method provides 1-aryl-1-butylamines whereas the non-reductive method preserves the double bond to afford 1-aryl-3-butenylamines. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source]

C-Glycosidations of a 2-Ketohexosyl Bromide with Electrophilic, Radical, and Nucleophilic Anomeric Carbons

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 16 2003
Frieder W. Lichtenthaler
Abstract The susceptibility of acylated 2-ketohexosyl halides to C-homologation is demonstrated with the easily accessible tri- O -benzoyl-,- D - arabino -hexos-ulosyl bromide 1 as the model compound. C-Glycosidation with an electrophilic anomeric carbon requires prior carbonyl protection, to avoid carbonyl addition by the C-nucleophile, for example, as the cyanohydrin. Silver triflate-promoted reaction with the silylenol ether of acetophenone then efficiently yields the ,-phenacyl product. With thermal (AIBN) or photochemical induction, 1 smoothly generates an anomeric radical , comparatively electrophilic, due to its capto-dative substitution , which exclusively traps hydrogen in the presence of tributyltin and electron-deficient alkenes. With allyltributylstannanes, however, it reacts with high stereoselectivity to afford ,- C -allyl glycosiduloses. The ,-bromoketone functionality in ulosyl bromide 1 is susceptible to Reformatsky conditions: treatment with zinc-copper couple readily generates the 1,2-enolate, a most simple anomeric nucleophile, which effectively adds to aldehydes to give ,- C -hydroxyalkyl glycosiduloses or ,- C -disaccharides (with sugar aldehydes) with a high degree of double stereoselection. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source]

Single- and dual-porosity modelling of multiple tracer transport through soil columns: effects of initial moisture and mode of application

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001
T. Kätterer
Summary We investigated the effect of initial moisture contents and mode of application on the displacement of multiple conservative tracers through undisturbed columns of a Humic Gleysol. Bromide was applied at the soil surface and chloride was injected at 5 cm depth. The columns were irrigated with deuterium-enriched water. A dual-porosity model and two single-porosity models were calibrated separately to Br, and Cl, elution curves in the two columns. Elution curves were almost identical for Br, and Cl, under initially wet conditions, whereas the displacement of Br, was faster than that of Cl, in the initially dry column, indicating rapid transport with preferential flow. Only the dual-porosity model described the long-tailing breakthrough of Cl, in the initially dry column adequately. The parameter values giving acceptable fits for ,Br dry' were not compatible with the description of the three other elution curves, which could be adequately modelled with a single set of parameter values. The estimated set of common parameters was validated by comparing with the elution curves of deuterium water, nitrate and sulphate, as well as with resident tracer concentrations at four depths. The results showed that solutes can be displaced much faster when applied at the surface of initially dry soil than when applied to wet soil or when resident in the soil matrix. The simulation results suggest that solute transport under initially dry conditions was governed by preferential flow of infiltration water through macropores by-passing the matrix due to shrinkage cracks and water repellence of matrix surfaces. [source]

Surfactant-Assisted Preparation of Novel Layered Silver Bromide-Based Inorganic/Organic Nanosheets by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Aqueous Media,

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 17 2007
C. He
Abstract A novel layered AgBr-based inorganic/organic nanocomposite was prepared by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of Ag in aqueous media in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and the formation mechanism of two-dimensional nanosheet was discussed. TEM observations indicate that the obtained AgBr-based inorganic/organic nanocomposite possesses a well-defined two-dimensional shape and that the size of the nanosheet can be changed with the surfactant concentration in the solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was composed of a series of peaks that could be indexed to (00l) reflections of a layered structure, and the basal spacing of 20.0,Å indicated that the surfactant was included between the AgBr interlayers in an interdigitated bilayer arrangement. In contrast, a layered inorganic/organic nanocomposite cannot be formed at a CTAB concentration lower than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Based on our detailed investigation, we proposed the nanocomposite formation process, that is, that negatively charged inorganic AgBr was produced by a strong reaction between the ablated Ag species and the bromide ions, which are concurrently assembling with cationic surfactant molecules controlled by the charge-matching mechanism. [source]

A Rapid and Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-Allyl Bromides from Baylis,Hillman Adducts Using Bromo(dimethyl)sulfonium Bromide,

HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 7 2006
Biswanath Das
Abstract Treatment of Baylis,Hillman adducts 1 with bromo(dimethyl)sulfonium bromide, Br(Me2)S+Br,, in MeCN was found to stereoselectively afford (Z)- and (E)-allyl bromides 2. The reaction is rapid at room temperature, high-yielding, and highly stereoselective. [source]

Rapid Determination of Gallamine Triethiodide (Flaxedil®) and Pancuronium Bromide (Pavulon®) in Pharmaceutical and Urine Matrices by Means of Modified-Carbon-Paste Ion-Selective Electrodes

HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 4 2005

A new analytical method for the determination of gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil®; 1) and pancuronium bromide (Pavulon®; 2), two muscle relaxants used in surgical operations and in pain relief, has been developed. Our approach relies on rapid, precise, and sensitive potentiometric sensors based on modified-carbon-paste ion-selective electrodes (CP-ISEs). Linear calibration graphs in the working ranges of ca. 4.5,892 and 7.3,733,,g/ml (in H2O, pH,7.0, T=25°) were established for 1 and 2, respectively; and Nernst slopes corresponding to three- or two-electrons transfers, respectively, were obtained. The method works best in a pH range of 7,9. Average relative errors of 2.12 and 2.14%, with average standard deviations of 1.98,2.47 and 2.64,3.45, respectively, were obtained for urine samples of 1 and 2. The corresponding relative errors for the pharmaceutical samples were 1.59 and 1.64%, with standard deviations of 0.54,1.34 and 0.52,1.67, respectively. Statistical Student and F tests were applied to the data, and satisfactory results were obtained. [source]

Kinetics and simulations of reaction between safranine- O and acidic bromate and role of bromide therein

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 9 2002
S. B. Jonnalagadda
Safranine- O, a dye of the phenazinium class, was found to exhibit intricate kinetics during its reaction with bromate at low pH conditions. Under conditions of excess concentrations of acid and bromate, safranine- O (SA+) initially depleted very slowly (k = (3.9 ± 0.3) × 10,4 M,3 s,1) but after an induction time, the reaction occurred swiftly. Bromide exhibited a dual role in the reaction mechanism, both as an autocatalyst and as an inhibitor. The added bromide increased the initial rate of depletion of SA+, but delayed the transition to rapid reaction. The overall stiochiometric reaction was found to be 6SA+ + 4 BrO3, = 6SP + 3N2O + 3H2O + 6H+ + 4Br,, where SP is 3-amino-7-oxo-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazine. The fast kinetics of the reaction between aqueous bromine and safranine- O (k = (2.2 ± 0.1) × 103 M,1 s,1) are also reported in this paper A 17-step mechanism, consistent with the overall reaction dynamics and supported by simulations, is proposed and the role of various bromo and oxybromo species is also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 542,549, 2002 [source]

3,5-Bis(n -perfluorooctyl)benzyltriethylammonium Bromide (F-TEBA): An Efficient, Easily Recoverable Fluorous Catalyst for Solid-Liquid PTC Reactions

ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 18 2009
Gianluca Pozzi
Abstract A readily available 3,5-bis(perfluorooctyl)benzyl bromide and triethylamine were reacted under mild conditions to give 3,5-bis(n -perfluorooctyl)benzyltriethylammonium bromide (F-TEBA), an analogue of the versatile phase-transfer catalyst, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBA), containing two fluorous ponytails. This perfluoroalkylated quaternary ammonium salt was successfully employed as a catalyst in a variety of reactions run under solid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis (SL-PTC) conditions. Thus, being both hydrophobic and lipophobic, F-TEBA could be quickly recovered in quantitative yields, and reused without loss of activity over several reaction cycles. [source]

Synthesis of 6-Substituted 7-Bomoazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes via Nucleophilic Addition to 3-Bromo-1-azoniatricyclo[2.2.1.0]-heptane Bromide

ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2005
Arnaud Gayet
Abstract We describe herein an efficient method for the preparation of a functionalised bicyclic framework (6-substituted 7-bromo-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) through the selective opening of the aziridium 2 with organocuprates in up to 90% yield. These interesting chiral building blocks were then utilised as novel ligands in the rearrangement of epoxides to afford chiral allylic alcohols. [source]

An NMR study of cyclodextrin complexes of the steroidal neuromuscular blocker drug Rocuronium Bromide

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2002
Kenneth S. Cameron
Abstract The interaction of Rocuronium Bromide, and a model steroid Org 7402, with three cyclodextrins (,-cyclodextrin, ,-cyclodextrin and Org 25969) was studied by solution state NMR experiments. Stoichiometries and binding constants were determined from 1H chemical shift titrations. All of the systems formed 1 : 1 complexes. Most of the complexes were in fast exchange with unbound species on the NMR time scale, but the most tightly bound complex (Rocuronium Bromide,Org 25969) was in the slow exchange regime. The geometry of the complexes was inferred from 1H and 13C NMR shift changes upon complexation and from intramolecular NOE correlations. Rocuronium Bromide forms a weak complex with ,-cyclodextrin (Ka = 3.3 ± 0.5 × 103M,1) and no clear picture of the structure of the complex emerges. The complexes with ,-cyclodextrin (Ka = 1.8 ± 0.2 × 104M,1) and Org 25969 (Ka > 105M,1) are true inclusion complexes with the steroid located inside the central void of the cyclodextrin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Visible Light Irradiation of Ethidium Bromide,stained Interphase Nuclei Causes DNA,Protein Linking and Structural Stabilization of Nucleoprotein Complexes,

PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2003
Andrey N. Prusov
ABSTRACT Fixation of DNA and proteins in the isolated rat hepatocyte nuclei stained with ethidium bromide and irradiated with visible light was analyzed in this study. It was shown that irradiation results in the following modifications of higher-level nucleoprotein complexes of interphase chromatin: (1) the complexes acquire resistance to decondensing treatments, which may be indicative of the formation of links between proteins or proteins and DNA in the chromatin; (2) the linking rate for both DNA and proteins is dose dependent; (3) the irradiation induces intermolecular link formation between DNA molecules, which brings about an increase in the average molecular weight of DNA fragments; (4) some modifications (dimerization, etc.) of histones and nonhistone proteins occur; and (5) histone proteins are not effectively cross-linked to DNA. The structural stabilization of interphase chromatin is possibly mediated by free radical,based mechanisms, whereas disulfide bonds seem to play no significant role in the cross-linking. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 1-Mesityl-3-(2-naphthoylmethano)-1H-imidazolium Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 30 2010
Xianghui Zeng
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,1-Diacetates from Aldehydes Using Anhydrous Cobalt(II) Bromide under Solvent-Free Conditions.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 26 2010
Gangadhar A. Meshram
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Guanidinium Nitrate/Silica Sulfuric Acid/Ammonium Bromide as an Effective, Viable and Metal-Free Catalytic Media for the Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to the Sulfoxides.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2010
Mohsen Nikoorazm
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide (BDMS) in Ionic Liquid: A Mild and Efficient Catalyst for Beckmann Rearrangement.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 17 2010
Lal Dhar S. Yadav
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Direct ortho-Arylation of N-Phenacylpyridinium Bromide by Palladium-Catalyzed C,H-Bond Activation.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 14 2010
Jimin Xu
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: One-Pot, Solvent-Free Regioselective Addition Reactions of Propargyl Bromide to Carbonyl Compounds Mediated by Zn,Cu Couple.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 13 2010
Xiaofang Ma
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2-Unsubstituted Benzofuran-3-carboxylates Using Diazo(trimethylsilyl)methylmagnesium Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 13 2010
Yoshiyuki Hari
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Two Series of Multifunctional Carbon Compounds from ,,,-Dihalo Ketones Using Allylsamarium Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 1 2010
Xiaodan Liu
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Redox Processes in the Reactions of 1-Bromo- and 1,2-Epoxy-9-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydrocarbazoles with Acetyl Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 50 2009
N. A. Likhacheva
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Facile Two-Step Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indazoles Using Diazo(trimethylsilyl)methylmagnesium Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 49 2009
Yoshiyuke Hari
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: First Example of C-3 Alkylation of Indoles with Activated Azetidines Catalyzed by Indium(III) Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 32 2009
J. S. Yadav
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Solvent- and Catalyst-Free gem-Bisallylation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Allylzinc Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 3 2009
Yu-Juan Wei
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of ,,,-Epoxy Phenyl Ketones with Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) and Potassium Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 33 2008
Zhou Lu
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Triarylmethanes and 9,10-Diarylanthracenes by Alkylation of Arenes with Aromatic Aldehydes Using Acetyl Bromide and ZnBr2/SiO2.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 31 2008
Mitsuo Kodomari
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Synthesis of a Family of Novel (E)-2-Aryl-1-silylalka-1,4-dienes (III) or (E)-4-Aryl-5-silylpenta-1,2,4-trienes (VI) via a Cross-Coupling of (Z)-Silyl-(stannyl)ethenes with Allyl Halides or Propargyl Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 29 2008
Fumio Sasaki
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Facile Transformation of N,N-Disubstituted Glycylamides into Corresponding Cyanamides by Using Pentavalent Iodine Reagents in Combination with Tetraethylammonium Bromide.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 11 2008
Kiran H. Chaudhari
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]