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Bone Deformities (bone + deformity)
Selected AbstractsStudies on the appearance of skeletal anomalies in red porgy: effect of culture intensiveness, feeding habits and nutritional quality of live preysJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2 2010M. S. Izquierdo Summary Despite the great interest of red porgy as a new species for Mediterranean aquaculture, its commercial production is constrained by the high incidence of skeletal deformities occurring in this species under culture conditions. Several studies have been conducted to better understand the origin of these anomalies in this species, using different system intensiveness, rotifers enrichment products or rotifers docosahexaenoic acid content. The first study showed that culture intensification increased the number of fish with an extra vertebrae, what was probably related to the different nutritional quality of live preys employed in each treatment, since water temperature, salinity and genetic background were identical for the different batches of fish studied. Total incidence of skeletal abnormalities was higher in the intensive system, particularly cranial abnormalities and kyphosis in the cephalic vertebrae. In both rearing systems the most common skeletal anomalies were vertebral column disorders, lordosis and fused vertebrae, their localization along the column being affected by the culture intensiveness. Rotifer enrichment, predominantly its docosahexaenoic acid content significantly affected deformities occurrence. A marked positive effect of rotifer docosahexaenoic acid content was found on larval survival. X-ray studies denoted elevated levels of bone abnormalities associated, in both trials, to low docosahexaenoic acid content in live preys. Among different anomalies, the presence of fused vertebrae was the most frequent deformity for both rearing trials. A 50% reduction in the number of deformed fish for each type of deformity was obtained when the larvae were fed higher docosahexaenoic acid levels, denoting the important role of this fatty acid in bone development. Further studies are needed to elucidate the importance of essential fatty acids on the development of bone deformities in fish, since the functions of these fatty acids differ among them and can lead to very different effects in fish metabolism, including bone formation. [source] Effects of vegetable feed ingredients on bone health in Atlantic salmonJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2 2010P. G. Fjelldal Summary The aim of the present study was to examine if dietary inclusion of vegetable lipids (VL) and proteins (VP) influenced markers of bone health in Atlantic salmon. Triplicate groups were fed one of four different diets; 100% fish protein (FP) and fish lipids (FL) (FPFL), 80% VP and 35% VL (80VP35VL), 40% VP and 70% VL (40VP70VL), or 80% VP and 70% VL (80VP70VL) for 12 months on-growth in sea water. Fish were analyzed for vertebral bone mineralization (mineral content, as % of bone dry weight), vertebral deformities (radiology), vertebral bone mRNA expression of factors involved in mineralization (bone gla protein, bgp) and growth regulation (igf-I and growth hormone receptor), as well as plasma vitamin D metabolites. The fish grew from 0.35 to 4 kg during the experimental period. At the end of the experiment, significantly lower prevalence of fish with one or more deformed vertebrae was observed in the 80VP70VL group (11%) compared to the other groups (33,43%). There was a significant higher relative expression of igf -I mRNA in vertebral bone of fish fed the 80VP70VL diet compared to control fish (FPFL), while the other genes studied were unaffected. Elevated plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 recorded in the marine feed group is discussed as a predictor for later development of bone deformities. In conclusion, the present study shows that high inclusion levels of vegetable lipids and proteins may have a positive effect on bone health in Atlantic salmon postsmolts. [source] Idiopathic Hyperphosphatasia and TNFRSF11B Mutations: Relationships Between Phenotype and Genotype,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 12 2003Belinda Chong Abstract Homozygous mutations in TNFRSF11B, the gene encoding osteoprotegerin, were found in affected members from six of nine families with idiopathic hyperphosphatasia. The severity of the phenotype was related to the predicted effects of the mutations on osteoprotegerin function. Introduction: Idiopathic hyperphosphatasia (IH) is a rare high bone turnover congenital bone disease in which affected children are normal at birth but develop progressive long bone deformities, fractures, vertebral collapse, skull enlargement, and deafness. There is, however, considerable phenotypic variation from presentation in infancy with severe progressive deformity through to presentation in late childhood with minimal deformity. Two recent reports have linked idiopathic hyperphosphatasia with deletion of, or mutation in, the TNFRSF11B gene that encodes osteoprotegerin (OPG), an important paracrine modulator of RANKL-mediated bone resorption. Materials and Methods: We studied subjects with a clinical diagnosis of IH and unaffected family members from nine unrelated families. Clinical, biochemical, and radiographic data were collected, and genomic DNA examined for mutations in TNFRSF11B. The relationship between the mutations, their predicted effects on OPG function, and the phenotype were then examined. Results: Of the nine families studied, affected subjects from six were homozygous for novel mutations in TNFRSF11B. Their parents were heterozygous, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Four of the six mutations occurred in the cysteine-rich ligand-binding domain and are predicted to disrupt binding of OPG to RANKL. Missense mutations in the cysteine residues, predicted to cause major disruption to the ligand-binding region, were associated with a severe phenotype (deformity developing before 18 months age and severe disability), as was a large deletion mutation. Non-cysteine missense mutations in the ligand-binding domain were associated with an intermediate phenotype (deformity recognized around the age of 5 years and an increased rate of long bone fracture). An insertion/deletion mutation at the C-terminal end of the protein was associated with the mildest phenotype. Conclusion: Mutations in TNFRSF11B account for the majority of, but not all, cases of IH, and there are distinct genotype-phenotype relationships. [source] Teratogenicity of elevated egg incubation temperature and egg vitamin A status in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 4 2004R Ørnsrud Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that high egg vitamin A (VA) status in combination with elevated egg incubation temperatures may cause deformities in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Egg batches selected for their total VA concentration were exposed to low (normal, 8 °C) or elevated (14 °C) egg incubation temperatures. Temperature was the main factor causing bone deformities such as warped gill opercula, fin and jaw deformities, but not for the development of spinal deformities where all groups displayed a ,baseline' occurrence of mild deformity (decreased vertebral size in the cephalic region) and no systematic variation in the occurrence of serious spinal deformities (fused vertebrae). A possible effect of egg incubation temperature fluctuation was found for the groups reared at low temperatures. An indication of a negative effect of elevated egg VA status for the development of organ deformities such as missing septum transversum and situs inversus was found in addition to temperature effects, however, no firm conclusions could be drawn from the present data. The phenotypes for temperature-induced deformities resembled the phenotype of VA-induced deformities, but no clear conclusions on the causality of the deformities found in the present study could be drawn. Egg incubation temperatures, both absolute temperature and temperature variations, should therefore be strictly controlled. [source] Modern India and the vitamin D dilemma: Evidence for the need of a national food fortification programMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 8 2010Uma S. Babu Abstract India is located between 8.4 and 37.6°N latitude with the majority of its population living in regions experiencing ample sunlight throughout the year. Historically, Indians obtained most of their vitamin D through adequate sun exposure; however, darker skin pigmentation and the changes which have accompanied India's modernization, including increased hours spent working indoors and pollution, limit sun exposure for many. Inadequate sun exposure results in reduced vitamin D synthesis and ultimately poor vitamin D status if not compensated by dietary intake. Dietary vitamin D intake is very low in India because of low consumption of vitamin D rich foods, absence of fortification and low use of supplements. All these factors contribute to poor vitamin D status as measured by low circulating levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Our review searches the published literature specific to India for evidence that would confirm the need to fortify food staples with vitamin D or stimulate public health policies for vitamin D supplementation and dietary guidelines tailored to the Indian diet. This review documents findings of widespread vitamin D deficiency in Indian populations in higher and lower socioeconomic strata, in all age groups, in both genders and people in various professions. Moreover, poor vitamin D status in India is accompanied by increased bone disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia in adults and rickets and other bone deformities in children. Without a concerted national effort to screen for vitamin D status, to implement policies or guidelines for vitamin D fortification and/or supplementation and to re-assess recommended dietary intake guidelines, dramatic increase in the number of bone disorders and other diseases may lie ahead. [source] Dietary menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (vitamin K3) does not affect growth or bone health in first-feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 6 2009C. KROSSØY Abstract The aim of the present study was to elucidate if increasing levels of added vitamin K in the feed influenced fish growth, health or the incidences of bone deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from onset of start feeding to ,100 g in freshwater. Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon fry (,0.20 g) were fed eight levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 mg menadione kg,1) of the vitamin K derivate menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (MNB) in a regression design for 28 weeks. All fish maintained high growth rates throughout the experiment, and showed no significant differences in specific growth rate, condition factor, whole body proximate analysis, blood coagulation time, vertebra morphology or mechanical properties of vertebrae. We found a dose-response between whole body vitamin K concentration and the dietary MNB supplementation level. Analysis of liver ,-glutamylcarboxylase activity revealed significant dose-dependent differences between groups given the 0, 10 and 50 mg MNB kg,1 diets. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon seems to require low levels of dietary vitamin K, and the amount of vitamin K found naturally in the presently used feed ingredients may be enough to maintain optimal growth, health and bone strength in Atlantic salmon fry from start feeding. [source] Supplementation of dietary minerals during the early seawater phase increase vertebral strength and reduce the prevalence of vertebral deformities in fast-growing under-yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smoltAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2009P.G. FJELLDAL Abstract An earlier study demonstrated that under-yearling (0+) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt had a lower vertebral mineral content and mechanical strength and higher prevalence of vertebral deformities than 1+ smolt during the early seawater (SW) phase. The present study aimed to examine if commercial extruded high-energy diets need to be supplemented additional minerals for proper bone mineralization and prevention of bone deformities in fast growing 0 + smolts. We studied vertebral morphology with radiology, and bone mineral content and mechanical strength in 60 g 0+ smolt fed diets with a normal (NM) or elevated (HM) bone mineral (P and Ca) contents from SW transfer (week 0) until 10 times weight increase at week 17. Thereafter, both groups were fed a commercial diet until a mean slaughter weight of 4100 g after 57 week. There were no differences in body weight and length between the dietary groups during the study, while the condition factor differed significantly at the final sampling (NM 1.40; HM 1.29). The most common bone deformity observed was compressions in the tail region of the vertebral column. Lower incidences of vertebral deformities (percent individuals with one or more deformed vertebrae) was observed in the HM group in week 17 (HM 20%; NM 47%) and week 57 (HM 37%; NM 73%), also reflected by higher vertebral length/dorso-ventral diameter ratio in weeks 17 (HM 0.99; MN 0.92) and 57 (HM 0.97; NM 0.88). The HM group had significantly higher vertebral mineral content (HM 550 g kg,1; NM 480 g kg,1) and mechanical strength (HM 9050 g mm,1; NM 4600 g mm,1) than the NM group after 8 week feeding. Plasma levels of Ca, P and D-vitamin metabolites recorded in week 8 reflected changes in P homeostasis, but could not explain the preventive effect of the HM diet on development of bone deformities. The results suggest that elevated dietary mineral content during the early SW phase may reduce the prevalence of vertebral deformities in fast growing 0 + salmon smolts. [source] Soluble human p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors reverse spontaneous arthritis in transgenic mice expressing transmembrane tumor necrosis factor ,ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 9 2006Carl K. Edwards III Objective The roles of the transmembrane and secreted forms of tumor necrosis factor , (TNF,) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unclear. Agents used to inhibit TNF, have shown varying efficacy in RA patients, suggesting that anti-TNF, agents possess dissimilar mechanisms of action, including the ability to neutralize transmembrane (tmTNF,) and secreted TNF,. In this study, TNF,-knockout (TNF,-KO) mice that were genetically altered to express elevated levels of tmTNF, were constructed to further understand the roles of the 17-kd secreted, trimeric, and 26-kd transmembrane forms of TNF,. Methods A speed-congenic mating scheme was used to generate 3 unique strains of mice: 1) transgenic tmTgA86 mice overexpressing 26-kd tmTNF, and also secreting 17-kd trimeric TNF, (tmTNF,-transgenic), 2) TNF,,/, mice (TNF,-KO), and 3) transgenic mice overexpressing tmTNF, backcrossed to TNF,-KO mice (tmTNF,-transgenic/TNF,-KO). Mice were treated with phosphate buffered saline (as vehicle control), dexamethasone (as positive control), or modified recombinant human soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) p55 or p75, and were assessed clinically and histopathologically for signs of inflammation and development of arthritis. Results The tmTNF,-transgenic/TNF,-KO mice were born with crinkled tails and spinal deformities similar to those in ankylosing spondylitis. By 2,4 weeks, these mice developed symmetric inflammatory arthritis, characterized by tissue swelling, pannus formation, and bone deformities. The tmTNF,-transgenic mice also developed spontaneous-onset arthritis, but at a slower rate (100% incidence by 10,12 weeks). Clinical and histologic progression of arthritis in the tmTNF,-transgenic/TNF,-KO mice was reduced by treatment with dexamethasone or with the p55 or p75 sTNFR (69% and 63% reduction in total histologic score, respectively). Conclusion These data show that arthritis is sufficiently initiated and maintained in tmTNF,-transgenic/TNF,-KO mice, and that it can be neutralized by recombinant human p55 or p75 sTNFR, resulting in amelioration of the biologic and subsequent histologic destructive effects of tmTNF,. [source] Supplementation of dietary minerals during the early seawater phase increase vertebral strength and reduce the prevalence of vertebral deformities in fast-growing under-yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smoltAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2009P.G. FJELLDAL Abstract An earlier study demonstrated that under-yearling (0+) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt had a lower vertebral mineral content and mechanical strength and higher prevalence of vertebral deformities than 1+ smolt during the early seawater (SW) phase. The present study aimed to examine if commercial extruded high-energy diets need to be supplemented additional minerals for proper bone mineralization and prevention of bone deformities in fast growing 0 + smolts. We studied vertebral morphology with radiology, and bone mineral content and mechanical strength in 60 g 0+ smolt fed diets with a normal (NM) or elevated (HM) bone mineral (P and Ca) contents from SW transfer (week 0) until 10 times weight increase at week 17. Thereafter, both groups were fed a commercial diet until a mean slaughter weight of 4100 g after 57 week. There were no differences in body weight and length between the dietary groups during the study, while the condition factor differed significantly at the final sampling (NM 1.40; HM 1.29). The most common bone deformity observed was compressions in the tail region of the vertebral column. Lower incidences of vertebral deformities (percent individuals with one or more deformed vertebrae) was observed in the HM group in week 17 (HM 20%; NM 47%) and week 57 (HM 37%; NM 73%), also reflected by higher vertebral length/dorso-ventral diameter ratio in weeks 17 (HM 0.99; MN 0.92) and 57 (HM 0.97; NM 0.88). The HM group had significantly higher vertebral mineral content (HM 550 g kg,1; NM 480 g kg,1) and mechanical strength (HM 9050 g mm,1; NM 4600 g mm,1) than the NM group after 8 week feeding. Plasma levels of Ca, P and D-vitamin metabolites recorded in week 8 reflected changes in P homeostasis, but could not explain the preventive effect of the HM diet on development of bone deformities. The results suggest that elevated dietary mineral content during the early SW phase may reduce the prevalence of vertebral deformities in fast growing 0 + salmon smolts. [source] | |||||||||||||