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Bipolar Surface Electrodes (bipolar + surface_electrode)
Selected AbstractsRelationship between ease of swallowing and deglutition-related muscle activity in various posturesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 8 2010T. SAKUMA Summary, The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the ease of swallowing and the deglutition-related muscle activity in various body and head postures by surface electromyography (EMG). Bipolar surface electrodes were placed on the right suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles of nine healthy adults (19,28 years) while swallowing jelly. Ten postures per subject were examined: five body angulations (0° [supine], 30°, 60°, 90° [upright] and 120° from the horizontal) and two head positions (chin-up and chin-down). The duration and amplitude of suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle activity were measured by an electromyograph, and the ease of swallowing was subjectively determined by using a rating scale (0 = difficult to swallow, 10 = easy to swallow). The group-average duration and amplitude of muscle activity and the group-average rating scales mostly showed insignificant changes with the body angulations independent of the head positions. Interestingly, the duration and amplitude of muscle activity during swallowing were negatively correlated with the rating scales, indicating that a shorter duration and smaller activity of muscle activity corresponds to easier swallowing. Consequently, the duration and amplitude of suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle activity measured by surface EMG would be a useful indicator of the easy-to-swallow performance. [source] External anal sphincter responses after S3 spinal root surface electrical stimulationNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 7 2006Giuseppe Pelliccioni Abstract Aims The aim of this study is to present the normative data of direct and reflex motor anal sphincter responses, simultaneously evoked by S3 surface electrical stimulation. By this method, it is possible to test the functional integrity of the nervous pathways activated during sacral neuromodulation (SNM). Methods Twenty healthy subjects were studied. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded by concentric needle electrode from external anal sphincter (EAS). Electrical stimulation was applied by means of a bipolar surface electrode over the S3 right or left sacral foramina. Results Direct (R1) and reflex responses (R2 and R3) were found at latencies of 6.98, 25.12, and 50.31 msec, respectively. The two first responses were recorded in all the cases; the last response is steadily recorded in 17 out of 20 subjects. Conclusions Our data can serve as reference values for future study in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction. EAS responses following S3 percutaneous electrical stimulation can represent a useful aid in the selection of candidates to SNM. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:788,791, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Antero-posterior activity changes in the superficial masseter muscle after exposure to experimental painEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2002Jens C. Türp The aim of this randomized, controlled, double-blind study was to examine how the activation pattern of the masseter muscle changes during natural function when experimental pain is induced in a discrete anterior area of the muscle. In 20 subjects, three bipolar surface electrodes and three intramuscular fine-wire electrodes (antero-posterior mapping) were simultaneously attached above and in the right masseter muscle to record the electromyographic (EMG) activity during unilateral chewing before and after infusion of a 0.9% isotonic and 5% hypertonic saline bolus in the anterior area of the muscle. The activity of the contralateral masseter muscle was registered by surface electrodes. In addition, the development of pain intensity was quantitatively measured with a numerical rating scale (NRS). While both saline concentrations caused pain, the hypertonic solution evoked stronger pain. The experiments also provided evidence of a significant although differential activity reduction of the ipsilateral masseter muscle in the antero-posterior direction. The activity reduction decreased with increasing distance from the location of the infusion. The results support the idea that the strategy of differential activation protects the injured muscle while simultaneously maintaining optimal function. [source] Effects of endodontic instrument handle diameter on electromyographic activity of forearm and hand musclesINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001T. Ozawa Abstract Aim To determine the influence of the handle diameter of endodontic instruments on forearm and hand muscle activity using electromyographic (EMG) recording. Methodology Size 45 K-type files were fitted with four different handle diameters; 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 mm. Seven dentists then attempted to negotiate to the working length acrylic resin root canals with each of the four handle sizes using a reaming motion. EMG activities were recorded from the flexor pollicis brevis muscle (f.p.b.), the flexor carpi radialis muscle (f.c.r.), and the brachioradialis muscle (b) with bipolar surface electrodes. The time taken to negotiate the canals, the area of integrated EMG that corresponded to the amount of EMG activity required during penetration and the maximum amplitude of EMG were measured using the EMG data. Results were analysed statistically using a one-way factorial anova test and multiple comparison tests. Results Reaming time and integrated EMG area of each muscle decreased with an increase in handle diameter. The most significant difference in time and area of integrated EMG was detected between handles of 6 mm and 3.5 mm diameter (time: P < 0.01, area of the f.p.b.: P < 0.01, area of the f.c.r. and b: P < 0.05), and between handles of 5 mm and 3.5 mm diameter (P < 0.05). Both 5 mm and 6 mm handles significantly decreased the maximum amplitude of EMG recorded from the f.p.b. compared with 3.5 mm handles (between 3.5 mm and 6 mm: P < 0.01, between 3.5 mm and 5 mm: P < 0.05). Conclusion The results indicate that handle diameter has an effect on reaming time as well as on muscle activity. As a consequence, handle diameter influenced operator performance during instrumentation. [source] Genioglossus muscle activity during rhythmic open,close jaw movementsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 8 2000S. Hiyama The purpose of this study was to examine genioglossus muscle activity during rhythmic open,close jaw movements. The electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle was recorded with a bipolar fine-wire electrode in six healthy males. The electromyographic activities of the ipsilateral masseter and digastric muscles were simultaneously recorded with bipolar surface electrodes. The subjects were instructed to perform rhythmic open,close jaw movements in time with a metronome set at 23, 27, 33, 42 and 50 beats/min. In all of the subjects, rhythmic electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle was recorded in both the jaw-opening and jaw-closing phases. The activity of the genioglossus muscle was predominantly recorded in the jaw-opening phase in two subjects, and in the jaw-closing phase in two subjects. The burst duration of the electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle changed linearly in accordance with the cycle duration. However, the latency from the onset of the electromyographic activity of the masseter or digastric muscle to that of the genioglossus muscle was almost constant, independent of the cycle duration. Based on these findings, we conclude that the activity of the human genioglossus muscle is closely linked to that of masticatory muscles under the control of a closely related central pattern generator. [source] | ||||||||||